The Field Of Human Resource Management Essay - 2209 Words

1. Executive Summary Several studies in the field of Human Resource Management concentrate on the importance of a Human Resources Business Partner to the organisation’s performance. The evolution of HR has led to the need to find, establish and use competitive advantage for a business to exist. Bredin (2008) notes a shift from traditional to strategic Human Resources Management and the implications for the organisation. Ulrich (1997) suggested how Human Resource Management and the role of a Human Resources Business Partner can contribute to an organisation’s competitive advantage. Ulrich suggests that to deal with the challenges, the organisation should move away from the traditional HR approach and apply four new strategic HR roles, namely Strategic partners, Administrative Experts, Employee Champions and Change agents. This model aligns HR strategies with the organisation’s strategies. The HRBP role creates the people strategy for meeting current and future HR needs of the organisation and works to ensure that the organisation is resourced accordingly to benefit the organisation in a positive and efficient manner. Several studies in this field outline the benefits and advantages that this option provides and the reasons as to why it is should be implemented. The objective of this literature review is to provide a reasonable understanding regarding the various roles and structures in Human Resources. It looks at changes, barriers, challenges and the implication ofShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management : The Field Of Human Resources1159 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management My desired career is that of a human resource generalist. The field of a human resource generalist is responsible for the recruitment, new employee orientation, on-boarding and off-boarding, and prepares and maintain employee handbook of the organization’s workforce. To obtain a position as a human resource generalist, employers look for someone with a bachelor’s degree in human resource management depending on the amount of experience, this would get you an entry levelRead MoreThe Field Of Human Resource Management Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesThe field of Human Resource Management is a major factor in utilizing individuals within the company to achieve organizational objects, while facing a multitude of challenges daily. While conducting a phone interview on September 27, 2016 at 11:30 am with Missi Bowers, the Human Resource Manager and Environmental Health and Safety Coordinator at the Masonite Architectural Algoma Hardwoods plant in Jefferson City, Tennessee, sh e provided first hand experience within the career. Mrs. Bowers can beRead MoreThe Field Of Human Resource Management Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Several studies in the field of Human Resource Management concentrate on the importance of a Human Resources Business Partner to the organisation’s performance. Bredin (2008) notes a shift from traditional to strategic Human Resources Management and the implications for the organisation. Ulrich (1997) suggested how Human Resource Management and the role of a Human Resources Business Partner can contribute to an organisation’s competitive advantage. The objective of this literatureRead MoreThe Field Of Human Resource Management846 Words   |  4 PagesThe field of Human Resource Management is necessary for most businesses to grow and succeed into larger and successful companies. HR can be defined as the part of the company that focuses on the people rather than the business itself. HR does improve the business, but the key focus is on the people. Responsibilities that HR usually holds includes finding new employees, hiring new employees, teaching the new employees the c ulture of the company and their role in the company, as well as taking careRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Management Field895 Words   |  4 PagesThe Human Resource Management is a principal and novel field in the Management. The Human Resource Management is a specious economic and social resource role in the Management field. The foundation of HRM is that effectively organize and impact the employees. In addition to, it is more significant that than manage the staff. That is the reason why the human resource management as a new and positive management model to be accepted by the companies. Meanwhile, the human resource department in everyRead MoreHuman Resource Management At The Management Field849 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction A broad body of literature in the management field is cantered around the idea of people as assets and emphasizes the importance of Human Resource Management (HRM) to improve firm’s performance and underpin its strategy. While there is evidence that HRM practices can improve organizational performance, a key issue is understanding if such improvement qualifies as competitive advantage or merely achieves competitive parity. Several authors agree that people are sustainable sourceRead MoreThe Field Of Strategic Human Resource Management1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Job In a traditional model of human resources, employees move through employment in a typical progression from hiring to separation or retirement. As we enter the new era of an advanced high-tech environment, the business world is also entering into an era of fierce competition noticed by takeovers and mergers. This illuminates the type of dynamic and complex business environment that companies have to face. The rapid change in the environment reminds us that, for a business to survive,Read MoreHr Field Of Human Resource Management1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthese changes also effect the employees within the workplace, this has forced the field of human resource management to change rapidly. Methodology: HR Management in the 21st Century: What’s Ahead? Objective: This paper examines the rapid change in Human Resource Management throughout the 21st century. Human Resource Management is defined as a developmental function in an organization that helps employees and management teams maintain rules, regulations, incentives, salaries, etc. Research was conductedRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Health Care Field1273 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource management is an energetic advocate to health care and to an organization. I will challenge to display fair how so in this paper by defining key roles that human resource administration shows in the health care field. I inspiration assess three to five tasks of human resource administration in positions of their equal of support and give an view of which one I touch to be the principal purpose in expanding the health care field. To sum up, I will study the part of human resource management

Waking Up Out Of My Sleep - 991 Words

Waking up out of my sleep at 4:30 am to the sound of my mother crying from across the hall that separates our bedrooms put me on my feet quick. I went in to her room not knowing what to expect. Millions of questions went through my mind trying not to think of that one thought that can haunt our family forever. I waited quietly in front of my mother’s bed until she got off the phone. When she was finally able to look at me, her eyes said it all. Right at that exact moment my mind didn’t want to believe it but my heart was already starting to ache. My mind went blank, my mind did not want to make itself believe it was all a dream. Six days before, at 1:59 pm my family and I received a call from Fort Lauderdale Airport about my grandmother being taken to the hospital. They did not want to give us much information over the phone. I told myself â€Å"whatever it was she’s going to be okay, because she’s a very strong woman†. I have a lot of faith; I prayed and decorated a birthday cake for a dear friend of mine that night. I let all my feelings come out into that cake. Later that night, my mom came home from the hospital with all the information we all were anxiously waiting for to know. She walked into the living room dressed in a very casual look, a very unusual attire for her. As she sat down on the edge of the sofa, taking a deep breath keeping her eyes to the ground. I sat up straight in my chair as in formation to be ready for the worst that can happen in the next couple ofShow MoreRelatedWaking Up Early Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of sleep and waking up early especially surr ounding the college age population. Are there really benefits to waking up early? How much sleep is recommended for college aged students? Personally, I have always been an advocate for sleep, and have felt less efficient without an adequate amount. However, beginning college, I was anxious about this idea. I determined that for my behavior change project I would monitor my sleep, documenting the time I went to bed and woke up each day. My goal wasRead MoreShould Schools Compensate And Start Later?1347 Words   |  6 Pagesning head: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY 2 BEEP! BEEP! BEEP! A door opening and a parent saying â€Å"wake up, time for school,† is the average child s worst part of the day. Most kids hate having to wake up before noon to go to school. But why? Why is waking up early as a child such a problem, when adults wake up just as early to go to their jobs? Is it because children stay up later into the night than they used to? Or just because they’re bodies are on a different time schedule all together? And ifRead MoreThe Powerfully Powerful Benefits Of Waking Up Early Essay809 Words   |  4 PagesPowerfully Powerful Benefits of Waking Up Early By Justin Charnell | Submitted On December 30, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Justin Charnell I wake up at 5 AM during the week. Not becauseRead MoreSleep Is An Essential Part Of Life Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesThrough my next 10 days of my written analysis, I had notice sometimes I sleep for too long or too short. I came to a conclusion that I did get enough sleep. We all know that sleep is an essential part of life. During the day I always felt that I was not always doing my best. I often felt functional, but not at peak as a normal teenager. I think that I didn’t sleep enough is because of my biological rhythm, I usually sleep at 2 am or 1. My circadian rhythm starts to function around those time.Read MorePersuasive Essay On Waking Up Later1187 Words   |  5 PagesEver gotten up in the morning and not wanted to wake up? Don’t worry, I completely understand what you are feeling. I absolutely despise waking up in the morning. Picture this: middle school kids trudging through school all day, then coming home to after school activities, and to top it all off sleeping late because of stress. Waking up early is a real struggle for most kids, and if you asked any kid Im sure they’d agree to the terms of school starting later. People say that because of the timeRead MoreDescartesArgument For Skepticism1120 Words   |  5 Pagesfor skepticism is flawed. In this essay I will explain Descartes’ argument, explain why Descartes’ argument is flawed, and consider an objection to my own argument. 1. Descartes’ Argument In order for Descartes to doubt the existence of the external world, he has to establish that he could be dreaming. In Descartes’ first meditation, he points out that our senses sometimes deceive us, and that we should not trust something that has already been proven unreliable. He recalls that he has been deceivedRead MoreInformative Sleep1721 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose: To inform the audience about what sleep is and how it helps the body. Central Idea: That sleep is good for you and you should get your eight hours of it! Introduction: I’m sure everyone likes sleep. Everyone needs sleep to keep the least bit active through out there day. Sleep is an important factor for your body to restore energy. Sleeping is a time to rest your body from all the hard work you have done. It is relaxing so deeply that you lose consciousness of your surroundings. PreviewRead MoreDreams And The Subconscious : Dreams Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagescan be for each person. For instance, many people have recurring nightmares of being chased. According to Huffington Post, being chased is one of the most common dreams. The dream is so vivid and creates such anxiety within you, that you tend to wake up distressed. Surprisingly, being chased in your dream is not the important part, however, looking behind you at what you re running from is. Chase dreams alert you to look deeper at situations you have been avoiding. This is important because dreamsRead MoreSleep : Sleep And Sleep867 Words   |  4 PagesSleep Analysis As we learned in lecture, sleep is an important component in improving a person’s overall health. Because sleep is vital for cognitive function and available time to spend sleeping is limited for college students, like myself, it is advantageous to change sleeping behaviors to maximize the benefits sleep can provide. After tracking my sleeping schedule for a week, I have noticed some patterns and behavior that may be affecting the quality of sleep I am getting. Based on my sleep journalRead MoreDream Interpretation of Sigmund Freud Essay848 Words   |  4 Pages Everyone in the world has had at least one dream in their lifetime. Most people don’t think much about the dreams they have, unless they are recurring. Most people today wake up from a dream or nightmare saying, â€Å"thank heaven that was a dream,† or â€Å"too bad that was just a dream.† Many times these dreams or nightmares have more meaning than we think. After a friend told me about some weird dreams he had been having I decided to research the meaning of dreams. I will focus on Sigmund Freud’s idea

Human Resource Management Top Trucking Company

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Managementfor Top Trucking Company. Answer: Introduction The study focuses on the change management practices on the aspects of human resource management in a trucking company. The company is initially owned by a family and is running on losses. However, as it has gained a reputation in the market initially hence a new company owns it. In this circumstance, the new owners decided to change the management activities of the company. The report will follow the structures that are new to the company as well as it is complementary to the old business models of the company. The new manager of the company compared to the old manager is adjusting in nature and is supported by the existing drivers of the company. The case study illustrates the fact that the company is developing to another level while the two managers work along with the drivers by using change management practices. New Workplace Practices Initially Top trucking company has well reputation in the market. However, due to lack of investment of the owners in the trucks and in the operational procedures of the company are not meeting the demands of the market as well as the demands of the customers in the market. As the company is making losses, hence it is sold out to a new transport company. The new owner company wants to invest in the company to change the whole operations of the company as well as the training on drivers. Along with the investments, the new owner of the company also appointed a new yard manager who is very responsible towards his duty (Tantalo Priem, 2016). He is responsible for the development of the yard as well as the other operations of the company. The big national transport group is taking the responsibility of rejuvenation of the fleet and provide training to the drivers. However, the old yard manager initially did not accept the working procedures of the new yard manager in the company. The ne w manager has a different practice of working style when compared to the working procedures of the old yard manager in Top Trucking Company. The differences between the working styles are the adaptive capability of the managers in the competitive business world (Lozano, 2015). It can be said that the new workplace practices are complementary to one another. For developing new practices in the workplace, it is mandatory to consider the different old operational activities that the workers are habituated with it. Change in the business model is the only aspect that will increase the profitability of the company as well as in gaining recognition from the market. The new practice includes training to the drivers as well as huge investment in the development of the fleets as well as to the yard of the company (Rosemann vom Brocke, 2015). However, it can be said that the new yard manager is involving the drivers in discussing every problems related to the company. It is a wise decision taken by the new yard manager in order to gain the trust and confidence from the drivers for smooth operation of the company. The drivers being trained in the aspect of technical aspect and customer services are responsible for gaining a proper understanding of the demands of the customers as well as demands of the market. The drivers are also feeling motivated in their field of work from previous as they are given importance from the company itself by providing training in different attributes (Cullen et al., 2014). Risks in Sustaining the Changes While incorporating any changes in the organization, there must be resistances and hindrances that will be coming from the existing employees of the organization. It is a part of the change management, that the change management initiator has to face in implementing changes in various fields of operations in the company. Change management aspects have many theories related to it. If the leader or the initiator of the organization who is responsible to handle all the risks associated with the new plan for the benefit of the organization as well as the employees associated with it. In this context, the change initiator is the new yard manager who is appointed in the company for initiating new changes in the company (Baumgartner, 2014). However, it can be said that initially the new yard manager faces issues with the old manager George while dealing things with him. There is a miscommunication between them. It is the cause of the hindrance caused by George while practicing new changes i n the workplace, it can be said that while initiating training program for the drivers in the organization, the drivers are not conveyed properly by the old yard manager properly. There are risks involved in the changed operational procedures. However, it can be said that the misunderstanding between the new manager and old manager is responsible for the delay in the results of the new practices of business operations in the country (Purce, 2014). The new manager apart from having various risks is able to handle all the disputes and hindrances among the blue-collar workers and other senior management officials of the Top Trucking Company. After implementation of the new procedures in the workplace, it can be seen that the drivers of the organization and other workers are in favour of the different types of the training modules and other approaches taken by the organization. However, the drivers are also accepting the changes along with the old manager in order to develop the different operational activities along with the training programs in the different activities of the company (Kuipers et al., 2014). The drivers are supporting the processes of the training and development in order to improve their skills in understanding the market trends as well as the different requirements of the customers. The risks related to it are overcome only when the workers of an organization are working as a team in the company in accepting th e positive outcomes of the new implemented strategy. It can be said that there are many theoretical frameworks that the manager can apply within the organizational context for sustaining the risks in the new strategy implementation (Langley et al., 2013). Engagement of Blue-Collar union in the Workplace In the case study, it is illustrated that the blue-collar union like that of the Transport Workers Union are rigid towards the engagement of the different activities of the workplace changes. There are some specific characteristics of the blue-collar workers such as they can be categorised as manual labour. They are mainly the unskilled labour who does not have a proper knowledge regarding the competitive advantage of the market as well as the organizational objectives. They are not like skilled labours. Hence, it is tough to engage them in the new business models of the organizations. They are comfortable with the regular procedures of work they are following in the organization (Cummings Worley, 2014). Whether the practices are giving results or not, it does not matter. Hence, the manager has to give extra labour while conveying the need of the change in the organization. They should be communicated frequently and the need of change is essential in increasing the profitability of the company along with the improved market reputation. However, it can be said that, the case study illustrates that the drivers of the fleet are categorized as blue-collar union as they are the people who are rigid to the training in the initial stage. To mitigate this issue, the manager has to put extra effort in the different types of the training needs regarding the necessities of the training (Galliers Leidner, 2014). Conclusion and Recommendation It can be concluded that it is a common factor in every organizations while adopting the changing business environment due to acquisition of a new company. The human resource management practices are also changed a little bit while incorporating the changes of new business model in the company. The drivers of the fleets and the condition of the fleets of the company before the acquisition of the new company are not in the position of making profit from the market. However, it can be said that after the training received from the new yard manager, the drivers and the condition of the company in the market has gained a reputation in the market and the performance of the yard has been increased. It is to be recommended to the company that the yard manager can use change management model in order to avoid the resistances and issues of the workers in the organization towards implementation of new procedures. There are several types of change management models that can be used in this situation. However, in this context, Lewins change management model has to be implemented in a smart way by the new yard manager in the transport company to increase the motivation of the employees along with diminishing the resistances of them in the new strategy implementation (Hayes, 2014). Lewins change management model consists of three stages unfreeze, change and refreeze. In the first stage, the manager has to communicate with the different workers who are associated with the change strategy. The manager must convey the need of change in the organization so that he can gain support from them. The second step of the change management model is change (Booth, 2015). After unfreezing the resist ances, the yard manager must initiate the changes in the operational departments. In the change stage, the people will begin to solve their doubts and queries while search for new ways in doing the work. This is known as a transition phase. The last phase is the refreeze stage. The refreeze stage is the final step of finalizing the new steps taken by the yard manager to develop the business operations along with the profitability of the company. By practicing this, the new manager can lessen the impact of resistances of drivers of the trucks and other manages in the organization (Goetsch Davis, 2014). References Baumgartner, R. J. (2014). Managing corporate sustainability and CSR: A conceptual framework combining values, strategies and instruments contributing to sustainable development.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,21(5), 258-271. Booth, S. A. (2015).Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Cullen, K. L., Edwards, B. D., Casper, W. C., Gue, K. R. (2014). Employees adaptability and perceptions of change-related uncertainty: Implications for perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and performance.Journal of Business and Psychology,29(2), 269-280. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hayes, J. (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Kuipers, B. S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J., Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.Public Administration,92(1), 1-20. Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H., Van de Ven, A. H. (2013). Process studies of change in organization and management: Unveiling temporality, activity, and flow.Academy of Management Journal,56(1), 1-13. Lozano, R. (2015). A holistic perspective on corporate sustainability drivers.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(1), 32-44. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Rosemann, M., vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tantalo, C., Priem, R. L. (2016). Value creation through stakeholder synergy.Strategic Management Journal,37(2), 314-329.

Wireless system security issues Essay Example Essay Example

Wireless system security issues Essay Example Paper Wireless system security issues Essay Introduction To put the topic of wireless security and privacy in context, one should look no further than the negative press that wireless networks and communications have received over the past decades in the area of security. Overall, securing wireless networks is distinctly different from securing â€Å"wired† networks. In part, this is due to the fact that wireless networks are open: open because the radio medium is a broadcast medium, which means adversaries can easily witness anything that is transmitted; and open because wireless devices are commodity items—adversaries can easily purchase low-cost wireless devices and, with little effort, use these platforms to launch attacks. Further complicating matters is the fact that there are many types of wireless networks (ranging from cellular to WiFi to WiMax to MANET/sensor networks to cognitive radios), and each of these networks have varying security and privacy requirements. Further complicating matters is the fact that, genera lly, wireless networks lack a trusted infrastructure, must inherently support mobility, and are subject to severe resource constraints (e.g. bandwidth and energy). http://www.apc.org/english/news/index.shtml?x=5038261 These basic properties have led to a broad array of security challenges that, although they might exist in wired networks, are far easier to perform in wireless networks. Some notable security threats that face wireless networks include attacks at the physical layer (e.g. jamming), attacks against network functionality (e.g. routing threats such as wormhole attacks), attacks against identity (e.g. Sybil attacks and identity spoofing), and collaborative attacks involving geographically distributed enemies. http://www.iep.gmu.edu/UnlicensedWireless.php Introduction We will discuss the wireless technology of Wi-Fi, this is the trade name for a popular wireless technology used in home networks, mobile phones, video games and more. Wi-Fi is supported by nearly every modern personal computer operating system and most advanced game consoles Wireless system security issues Essay Body Paragraphs The purpose of Wi-Fi is to hide complexity by enabling wireless access to applications and data, media and streams. The main aims of Wi-Fi are to; Enabled device such as a PC, game console, cell phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi technology has served to set up mesh networks, both architectures can operate in community networks. In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can make access publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Organizations and businesses such as airports, hotels and restaurants often provide free hotspots to attract or assist clients. Enthusiasts or authorities wh o wish to provide services or even to promote business in a given area sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access. Metropolitan-wide Wi-Fi (Muni-Fi) already has more than 300 projects in process. http://www.iep.gmu.edu/UnlicensedWireless.php Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other. This connectivity mode can prove useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications. When wireless networking technology first entered the market many problems ensued for consumers who could not rely on products from different vendors working together. The Wi-Fi Alliance began as a community to solve this issue — aiming to address the needs of the end-user and to allow the technology to mature. The Alliance created the branding Wi-Fi CERTIFIED to reassure consumers that products will interoperate with other products displaying the same branding. Many consumer devices use Wi-Fi. Amongst others, personal com puters can network to each other and connect to the Internet, mobile computers can connect to the Internet from any Wi-Fi hotspot, and digital cameras can transfer images wirelessly. Routers which incorporate a DSL-modem or a cable-modem and a Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other premises, provide Internet-access and internetworking to all devices connected (wirelessly or by cable) to them. One can also connect Wi-Fi devices in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without a router. As of 2007 Wi-Fi technology had spread widely within business and industrial sites. In business environments, just like other environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access-points provides redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward â€Å"thin† access-points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access-points to the role of mere â€Å"dumb† radios. Outdoor applications may utilize true mesh topologies. As of 2007 Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure computer networking gateway, firewall, DHCP server, intrusion detection system, and other functions. Threats posed by Wireless networks The most common wireless encryption standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy or WEP, has been shown to be easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2), which began shipping in 2003, aims to solve this problem and is now available on most products. Wi-Fi Access Points typically default to an â€Å"open† (encryption-free) mode. Novice users’ benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out of the box, but this default is without any wireless security enabled, providing open wireless access to their LAN. To turn security on requires the user t o configure the device, usually via a software graphical user interface (GUI). Wi-Fi networks that are open (unencrypted) can be monitored and used to read and copy data (including personal information) transmitted over the network, unless another security method is used to secure the data. http://nocat.net/ In order to tackle the problems associated with securing wireless networks, one must step back and examine the full scope of the problem. Several interesting issues that warrant investigation in these topical areas are identified as follows: Confidentiality: The wireless medium is easy to sniff, and as a result it is necessary to support encryption services and key management. Challenging issues arise related to establishing and maintaining keys for entities that have never had prior relationships. Integrity: Wireless hardware/equipment need to be safe from modification—especially in light of the fact that they are small, portable and easily capable of being pilfered. For ensics: Due to their accessibility, wireless networks will be the platform of choice for conducting attacks against the broader network infrastructure. An important question is how and whether the network should keep track of forensic evidence. Privacy: The perpetual connectivity provided by wireless networks can also mean constant surveillance. As an example, through simple snooping one can monitor mobility and handoffs between networks. The implications of perpetual connectivity on aspects related to user privacy are an important issue that warrants investigation. Location: Location is a new form of information provided by wireless systems that will facilitate new services. Location information needs to be trustworthy, and may be used to support more robust security mechanisms (e.g. location-oriented access control). Intrusions: The pervasiveness of wireless networks should not mean that just anyone can participate without proper authorization. There have been numerous examples of security threats, such as rogue access points, that arise because of the drive for wireless connectivity and which represent threats to organizational (e.g. enterprise) security policies. Availability: The value of a wireless network lies in its promise of ubiquitous connectivity. Unfortunately, wireless networks are also easy to â€Å"break† (e.g. jamming and denial of service). Developing more robust communication mechanisms, at all layers of the stack, will be important to assuring wireless connectivity. Non-repudiation: One potential advantage of wireless communications arises from the fact that RF energy radiates. Although this implies that it is possible for an adversary to eavesdrop on communications, it also implies that wireless entities within the radio coverage pattern may serve as witnesses for the actions of the transmitter. Resources: Wireless devices have unique resource considerations. In particular, energy and bandwidth are important factors to take into con sideration when designing security solutions. One serious issue with wireless network security is not just encryption, but access to the network (signal reception). With wired networking it is necessary to get past either a firewall or the security guard locked doors. With wireless it is only necessary to get reception and spend as long as you want, comfortably out of (easy) reach of the network owner. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access. Thus being able to get wireless reception (and thus possibly break the encryption) becomes an attack vector on the network as well. Recreational logging and mapping of other people’s access points has become known as wardriving. It is also common for people to use open (unencrypted) Wi-Fi networks as a free service, termed piggybacking. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however legislation and case law differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave graffiti describing available services was called warchalking. In a Florida court case[citation needed], owner laziness was determined not to be a valid excuse. http://nocat.net/ Piggybacking is often unintentional. Most access points are configured without encryption by default, and operating systems such as Windows XP SP2 and Mac OS X may be configured to automatically connect to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter’s signal is stronger. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see DHCP and Zeroconf) this could possibly lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wr ong middle man when seeking a destination (see Man-in-the-middle attack). For example, a user could inadvertently use an insecure network to login to a website, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening, if the website is using an insecure protocol like HTTP, rather than a secure protocol like . We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless system security issues Essay Example specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless system security issues Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Wireless system security issues Essay Example specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer

u.s justified in dropping atomic bomb Essays

u.s justified in dropping atomic bomb Essays u.s justified in dropping atomic bomb Essay u.s justified in dropping atomic bomb Essay Many people today could argue their side and reasons on why they think the United States was Justified in bombing Japan. But was Osama in Laden Justified in orchestrating 9/11? No one in their right mind would support the killing of innocent civilians on 9/1 1 on the basis of the argument that Osama Bin Laden and his cohort wanted to end the war between radical Islam and the U. S. So why is it acceptable for the U. S. to have incinerated tens of thousands of civilian men, women, children and babies to end the War, when there was a military alternative? The U. S. ould have ontinued the war against the Japanese armed forces instead of targeting Japanese civilians. If the Japanese civilians who were killed are not deemed to have been innocent because they may have supported the Imperialist Japanese Government, then neither was those who died in the World Trade Center or any Americans, because they support the U. S. Government! Yes, the Japanese did bomb the U. S first but didnt more than half of the America people tell them they werent right for doing it on pearl harbor ? So if their wrong, what makes it okay for the United States? The United states was mad because Japan came to their land and killed their innocent people and destroyed everything that they worked so hard to form, but now its suddenly not okay for Japan to be Just as upset? Its not even about who wanted the war to end and who was going to do what! Was killing thousands of innocent women, and children, really worth the satisfaction of being able to say you won? okay sure Japan did awful things, but America lowered themselves to a incredibly low level with this evil action. And were in no way right for their actions at all.

Top 5 Review Activities for Elementary Students

Top 5 Review Activities for Elementary Students Review sessions are inevitable in the classroom, and for many teachers, it can be a rather uninspiring exercise. Too often,  review activities feel boring and may leave your students feeling unengaged. But, it doesnt have to be that way. By choosing some fun and engaging activities, a traditionally mundane review session can become an active and inspiring session. Check out these five teacher-tested review lessons with your students. Graffiti Wall When students here the words its review time, you might get a bunch of groans. But, by turning the review session into a hands-on activity, students will be more likely to enjoy the exercise and even better retain the information.   Heres how it works: Place a variety of different colored dry erase markers on the front board(or different colored chalk if you have a chalkboard).Then give students a review topic, and randomly call about three to five students at a time to the board.The students goal is to think of any word that associates with the given topic.Students can write the word any way they like (sideways, up and down, backward, etc.)One rule you must enforce is that students cannot repeat any word that is on the board.Once all the students have had a turn, pair them up and have each student tell their partner about five of the words on the board.View pictures and learn more about this great  graffiti wall review activity  here. 3-2-1 Strategy The 3-2-1 review strategy is a great way for students to review just about anything in an easy and simple format. There are a few ways you can use this strategy, but often, the preferred way is to draw a pyramid. Heres how it works: Students are given a review topic and told to draw a pyramid in their notebook.Their goal is to write down three things they learned, two things they thought was interesting, and one question they still have. You can adapt this activity any way you want. Instead of asking a question on the top of the pyramid, students can write a summary sentence. Or, instead of writing two things they found interesting, they can write two vocabulary words. It is very easily adaptable.  View a picture of the 3-2-1  review pyramid. Post-It Practice If your students love the game Headbands, then they will love playing this review game. Heres what you have to do to get started. Provide each student with a Post-it note, and have them write down one review term on it.Then without the other students seeing the note, have each student choose one person to stick their note to their forehead.The goal of this activity is for students to go around the room and try to explain the term without using the actual term.Make sure that each student has the opportunity to go around the room and explain each term. Move Ahead of the Class This review game is the perfect way to incorporate teamwork while reviewing important skills. Here is how you play: Divide students into teams of two, then have students stand in a row where one student is behind one other.Use the squares of the floor as the game board and tape off a finish line.To play the game, have one person from each team face-off by answering a review question. The first person to answer it correctly moves ahead to the next square.​After the first question, the next person in line takes the place of the student who got the answer correct.The game goes on until one team crosses the finish line. Sink or Swim Sink or Swim is a fun review game that will have your students working together as a team in order to win the game. Heres what you need to know to play the game: Divide students into two teams and have them form a line and face one another.Then ask team 1 a question, and if they get it right, they can choose one person from the other team to sink.Then ask team 2 a question, and if they get the answer right, they may either sink their opponents team member or save their sunken team member.The winning team is the one with the most people at the end.

Analyze a poem Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Analyze a poem - Assignment Example 3. First lines of the poem depict the image of stereotypical Mexican bandit riding up on horse and establishing their rights. Then Baca presents the picture of Mexicans who â€Å"sneak into a town at night† (Baca, 530) and deprive jobs from Native Americans. The author suggests the strict and ridiculous stereotypes that are created about Mexican people. Last stanza discloses all reality of the existed situation. 4. The poem is written in the period of racial discrimination in America. Africans and Mexicans have been oppressed in the society and active revolt has been occurred due to such situation. Historical context is straightforwardly connected with the poem as the work introduces social problem relevant in that period. 5. The poem is based on a sort of sarcasm saying â€Å"Ese gringo, gimmee your job?†(Baca, 529). The symbol of TV used by the author to underlie obsessive consumerism power, and refer readers to the digital information means to which people believe. The metaphor â€Å"a tongue paddles through flashing waves of lightbulbs, of cameramen, rasping â€Å"Theyre taking our jobs away† (Baca, 530) emphasizes the stereotypical thinking of Americans. The symbol of â€Å"fighters† (Baca, 530), that author cannot find represent the poor Mexican’s who have to survive in hard conditions. The metaphor of â€Å"cool green sea of money† below which â€Å"millions of people fight to live† (Baca. 3530). â€Å"Dead children† (Baca, 530) is the ones who have no chance for the normal future. 6. The author denounces the defamatory American’s thinking that Mexican people take away their jobs. Still, the real situation is that Mexican’s people are searching for any possible kind of job to have money for livelihood. 7. Nowadays people live in democratic society with the equal rights and possibilities. Nevertheless, this period of discrimination has occurred a few decades ago, that is why

Recreation centre Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Recreation centre - Research Paper Example Twenty permanent staff; twenty to fifty contractual, and ten young volunteers who take turns in guiding and informing the users of the proper use of the environment. Distinction is emphasized between staff and employees on one hand, and local volunteers on the other. Volunteers are accorded guest status, i.e. with some privileges. The XYZ Ecotourism aims to provide outdoor recreation site for local residents and tourists with amenities for picnicking, hiking, bush walking, and other similar outdoor activities. It encourages weekend recreation/retreat for local residents and tourists who temporarily seek refuge from the hassles of urban life. XYZ Ecotourism was conceived some months ago during a group outdoor get-together by well-minded individuals, businessmen with previous acquaintances, who saw a flourishing ecotourism business in Albury, New South Wales, Australia. They were also impressed by the concern of local residents in the area who took turns in caring for their environment, and promoting green tourism among local businesses and small entrepreneurs in the community. With firm determination, the businessmen - five in number - who now comprise the majority of the stockholders bonded together and slowly transformed the once uninhabited and underdeveloped area in the outskirts into a flourishing ecotourism destination to feature an outdoor recreation in a natural setting. The recreation site provides a venue for people to escape - i.e. temporarily - from the rigors and stress of urban life, and to engage in a predominant recreational pastime of picnicking in a natural setting with the amenities of modern facilities and new technology. The site also provides a peaceful retreat for passive pursuits as well as opportunity for more active endeavors such as jogging, walking, hiking, bush walking, etc. 3. Summary of Objectives and Timelines 3.1 To provide an outdoor recreation or an ecotourism destination, conveniently situated near urban centers in Alsbury, New South Wales; 3.2 To produce an approximate number of picnic areas, with parking spaces, roads, paths, most of which are still to be constructed. The target maximum picnic areas is twenty, but can be expanded, considering the large area the facility provides. At present, the company has provided ten picnic areas located within a one kilometer radius, and within a short range from the Admin/Office. The main road is 95% complete, while some access roads are still being constructed; paths and trails are also provided, but still incomplete. These are the requirements for the picnic areas: tables in open spaces with scattered trees tables near parking areas facilities with a view of water, grassed areas with shades acceptable for grass picnicking flat or minimal sloping ground essential facilities: shelter, water, toilet block,

Demographics and Culture of Brazil Essay Example for Free

Demographics and Culture of Brazil Essay Brazil is currently enjoying the number 5 spot as far as big populations in the world are concerned with 190,010,647 people recorded as of August 16, 2007 (C.I.A., 2007, par. 7). Documents show that the population has grown steadily in the years with only 85,240,000 Brazilians in 1967 to 141,452,000 in 1987 (Lahmeyer, 2003, p. 1). This clearly illustrates that in just forty years, the population of Brazil has already doubled its number of natives.   With a land area of 8,456,510 square kilometers, Brazil has around 58.2 people per square mile. It was estimated by the Population Reference Bureau that 81% of the population lived in urban areas in 2001, up from 66% in 1980 (Brazil Population, 2007, par. 2). The following are more details on the current population of Brazil: Population growth rate:  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.008% (2007 est.) Birth rate:  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   16.3 births/1,000 population (2007 est.) Death rate:  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6.19 deaths/1,000 population (2007 est.) Sex ratio:  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   at birth: 1  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   .05 male(s)/female under 15 years:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1.04 male(s)/female 15-64 years:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   0.983 male(s)/female 65 years and over:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   0.697 male(s)/female total population:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   0.976 male(s)/female (2007 est.) Age structure:  Ã‚   0-14 years:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   25.3% (male 24,554,254/female 23,613,027) 15-64 years:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   68.4% (male 64,437,140/female 65,523,447) 65 years and over:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   6.3% (male 4,880,562/female 7,002,217) (2007 est.) Median age:  Ã‚   total:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   28.6 years male:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   27.9 years female:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   29.4 years (2007 est.) *Source: C.I.A. The World Fact Book 2007 Brazil’s culture is very much influenced by their Portuguese invaders who have ruled the lands for three centuries.   It was only in 1822 when Brazil finally became a nation. Although Brazil is a democratic country, education, health, safety (physical and juridical) are deficient in Brazil (Brazil Travel, n.d., par. 1). Brazil is the leading economic power and regional leader in South America yet uneven distribution of income is a pressing problem (C.I.A.).   Its economic strength is dependent on its mining, agricultural and manufacturing industries. One of Brazil’s cultural attractions is the Carnaval or Mar de Gras which is annually celebrated at Rio de Janeiro.   The origins of this celebration dates back to the ancient Greek festival in honor of Dionysus which the Romans soon adopted for the Roman God Bacchus as the feast of Saturnalia (World Music Productions, 2007, par. 1).   Back then they celebrated it by making slaves and their masters exchange clothes while drinking wine for the whole day. Saturnalia was converted by Roman Catholics into a festival leading up to Ash Wednesday or before the 40 days of sacrifices prior to Easter.   It became known as Carne Vale which literally means farewell to the flesh and is a fiesta filled with every known sin the Brazilians could think of.   Carnaval, as spelled in Portuguese, is a 4-day celebration. It starts on Saturday, and ends on Fat Tuesday, or Mardi-Gras. (All About Rio, 2007, par. 1). One of the major issues that had put a spotlight on Brazil in the recent years is regarding its environment.   The very rich Amazon forest is the habitat of many endangered species and it plays a major role in the weather cycle of the world.   If it continues to be cut down, global warming will greatly be affected because the Amazon Forest is one of the world’s best source of rain.   Other problems include illegal wildlife trade, air and water pollution in Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo and other cities, improper mining activities, wetland degradation and severe oil spills (C.I.A., par. 7). References All About Rio. (2007). Ipanema.com. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http://www.ipanema.com/ carnival/ Brazil Population. (2007). Brazil Population. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http://www. nationsencyclopedia.com/Americas/Brazil.html C.I.A. (2007). The World Fact Book. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from https://www.cia.gov/ library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/br.html#Intro Lahmeyer, J. (2003). Brazil. Retrieved August 31, 2007 from http://www.populstat.info/ Americas/brazilc.htm World Music Productions. (2007). History of Carnival in Brazil. Retrieved August 31, 2007   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   from http://www.afropop.org/multi/feature/ID/33/

Charlotte Perkins Gilmans The Yellow Wallpaper -- short story analysis

　　"If a physician of high standing, and one's own husband, assures friends and relatives that there is really nothing the matter with one but temporary nervous depression -- a slight hysterical tendency -- what is one to do?" (Gilman). Many women in the 1800's and 1900's faced hardship when it came to standing up for themselves to their fathers, brothers and then husbands. Charlotte Perkins Gilman, the narrator of the story, is married to physician, who rented a house for the summer to nurse her back to health after her husband think she has neurasthenia but actually suffers from postpartum depression. He suggested the 'rest cure'. She should not be doing any sort of mental of major physical activity, her only job was to relax and not worry about anything. Charlotte was a writer and missed writing. "The Yellow Wallpaper" is significant to literature in the sense that, the author Charlotte Perkins Gilman addresses the issue of the rest cure that Dr. George Miller prescri bed for patients especially to women with neurasthenia, is ineffective and leads to severe depression. This paper in...

Dent’s Disastrous Pronouns Essay

Stewart Pidd Hates English contains the following information about pronouns: Pronouns function as replacement words for noun phrases and nouns. Three common types of pronouns that give writers trouble are indefinite pronouns, possessive pronouns, and personal pronouns. Pronouns have different functions. Pronouns that do not refer to an object or a particular person are indefinite pronouns; possessive pronouns show possession; personal pronouns replace an object or a specific person. Writers can use pronouns to prevent unneeded repetition. An antecedent is the noun that comes before or after the pronoun(s) that reference it (Pollitt and Baker 70-85). Faulty pronoun agreement is a common writing error. In â€Å"Go Big or Go Home,† Jimmy Dent fails to make his pronouns agree with their antecedents. Dent makes a pronoun/antecedent agreement error. He writes, â€Å"I was out front working on my old motorcycle and said, ‘Hey, Stewie, when a skater dude goes to Ludville Pipe, they need to go big or go home’†(1). The singular antecedent, â€Å"skater dude† does not agree with the plural pronoun â€Å"they.† To fix the sentence, Dent needs to change the singular antecedent â€Å"skater dude† to a plural antecedent â€Å"skater dudes.† The revised sentence will read, â€Å"I was out front working on my old motorcycle and said, ‘Hey, Stewie, when skater dudes go to Ludville Pipe, they need to go big or go home.’† Dent makes a pronoun/antecedent agreement error with an indefinite pronoun. He states, â€Å"‘Stewart Pidd!’ I yelled, through the rusty spokes or my front rim, ‘Nobody wants to put their relatives in a home’† (2). The singular antecedent â€Å"Nobody† does not agree with the plural possessive pronoun â€Å"their.† To fix the sentence, Dent needs to change the singular indefinite pronoun â€Å"Nobody† to a plural pronoun â€Å"In-laws.† The revised sentence will read, â€Å"‘Stewart Pidd!’ I yelled, through the rusty spokes or my front rim, ‘In-laws don’t want to put their relatives in a home’† Dent makes a pronoun/antecedent agreement error using a collective noun. He writes, â€Å"On a good day, the Dent clan will unite to make their relatives feel like chewed-up gum’† (2). The singular antecedent â€Å"clan† does not agree with the plural possessive pronoun â€Å"their.† The collective noun â€Å"clan† is singular because it a group functioning as a unit. In order to fix the sentence, Dent needs to replace the plural pronoun â€Å"their† with singular possessive pronoun â€Å"our.† The revised sentence will read, â€Å"On a good day, the Dent clan will unite to make our relatives feel like chewed-up gum.† Untrained writers and speakers who make pronoun agreement errors should consider the wise words of Thomas Browne: â€Å"There is music wherever there is harmony, order or proportion.† Good writing is like good music. Having pronoun agreement brings harmony, order, and proportion to one’s writing. Having harmony, order, and proportion creates music in the writing. Works Cited Browne, Thomas. Attackthetext.com. Web. 14 Feb. 2013. Dent, Jimmy. â€Å"Go Big or Go Home.† 28 Feb. 2010. Print. Pollitt, Gary, and Craig Baker. Stewart Pidd Hates English. 2nd ed. Oceanside: Attack The Text Publishing. 2010. Print.

Business Ethics 5 – Products and Advertising

Advertisements are usually meant to make products to be bought more by customers. Business people try to use the most effective means of advertisement in order to have competitive advantage of other businesspersons in the market. Despite that, advertisements are meant to attract more customers there are too dangerous to be marketed because of the danger that they pause to both the customers and the society in general. For example, people mostly abuse handguns, cigarettes, and some drugs whiuch.In order to market such products there should be strict measures, which should be put in place by the federal government to control the effects of the products, which may cause harm. The American marketing association commits itself to make sure that there is promotion of highest standard of professional ethical norms and values to all its members. Marketers should understand that they do not only work for the organizations but they should also act as the custodian in undertaking activities tha t bring good to the larger population.This means that marketers are supposed to maintain high standards of ethical norms and ethical values. In order to protect the society from harmful effects of marketing of products that are dangerous there are regulations that I would put to marketing of these product. (DesJardins & Hartman, 2008). For cigarettes due to its negative health, effects it has it would be appropriate for markets to put a label on the cigarettes, which warns the smoker that the cigarette is harmful to his or her health and to the health of other members of the society.There should also be no program in the media, which should be sponsored by companies, which manufacture cigarettes. This would reduce creation of positive attitude about cigarettes to the public, which may lead to its increased consumption. The marketers should also not be allowed to put the large posters, which are used for advertisement in public places such as rods. For prescription, drugs there shoul d be a regulation that the drugs should only be sold to those people who have a note from a physician prescribing him or her to take the drugs.They should also a label, which Cleary shows the negative effects they have if abused. For the handguns there should be registering of any handgun that is purchased this would help to reduce criminals obtaining them, licensing of handgun owners, there should also be prohibition of mentally ill people from obtaining handguns. All these regulations would protect the society from many negative effects caused by marketing of handguns. 2. There are usually two criteria that the federal trade commissions use to regulate advertisement. They use deception and fairness as the two criteria.An advertisement is unfair if it has harmful effects to the consumer. For example, if it is an advertisement of a product, which causes negative health effects, then such an advertisement can be termed was unfair. Deceptive advertisement is an advertisement, which us es false or misleading statements to attract customers. Deceptive advertising usually hurts the customers because they may contain statements, which may not be true, which may rue the customer to buy a certain product. This is because the advertisement may contain hidden fees and charges or manipulation of standards of the goods.There is decision-making process, which is used to determine how an advertisement can be unfair. One-step in this process includes looking whether the advertisement hurt and cause injuries the customer. If the advertisement is found to do this then it is taken to be unfair. The injury should be substantial in terms of monetary such as the seller forcing the buyer to goods or services, which are not wanted. The injury, must also be one that the customer could not have reasonably avoided. This is because market place should be self-correcting.The other step involves looking whether the advertisement violates the established public policy, which governs adverti sement. Then there is an examination on whether the advertisement is unethical or unscrupulous. The advertisement should also give the consumer sufficient information so that the customer can be able to make informed decisions (DesJardins & Hartman, 2008). References DesJardins, J. & Hartman, L. (2008) Business ethics: decision-making for personal integrity and social responsibility, New York, McGraw-Hill Higher Education.

Arthur Miller Essays - Arthur Miller, International PEN, Free Essays

Arthur Miller Essays - Arthur Miller, International PEN, Free Essays Arthur Miller Arthur Miller I. Personal life A. born in New York City in 1915 and raised in Harlem 1) the Stock market crash in 1929 drastically influenced his developing imagination II. Education 1) not much known about his education a. said that he barely passed high school and did not get into college that first time he applied b. got into University of Michigan second time applying c. he attended to become a journalist but won the Hopwood Prize for his dramatic script so decided to write about drama instead III. Career 1) Early job choices a. fresh out of college he decided to work briefly for the Federal Theater Project b. then wrote a couple of radio plays and accounts of military training c. first known book was Situation Normal 2) Popular books a. Death of a Salesman was his first big hit b. The Crucible was his second big book

Calcium Facts - Ca or Atomic Number 20

Calcium Facts - Ca or Atomic Number 20 Calcium is silver to gray solid metal that develops a pale yellow tint. It is element atomic number 20 on the periodic table with the symbol Ca. Unlike most transition metals, calcium and its compounds exhibit a low toxicity. The element is essential for human nutrition. Take a look at calcium periodic table facts and learn about the elements history, uses, properties, and sources. Calcium Basic Facts Symbol: CaAtomic Number: 20Atomic Weight: 40.078Classification: Alkaline EarthCAS Number: 7440-701-2 Calcium Periodic Table Location Group: 2Period: 4Block: s Calcium Electron Configuration Short Form: [Ar]4s2Long Form: 1s22s22p63s23p64s2Shell Structure: 2 8 8 2 Calcium Discovery Discovery Date: 1808Discoverer: Sir Humphrey Davy [England]Name: Calcium derives its name from the Latin calcis which was the word for lime (calcium oxide, CaO) and limestone (calcium carbonate, CaCO3)History: The Romans prepared lime in the first century, but the metal was not discovered until 1808. Swedish chemist Berzelius and Swedish court physician Pontin created an amalgam of calcium and mercury by electrolyzing lime and mercury oxide. Davy managed to isolate pure calcium metal from their amalgam. Calcium Physical Data State at room temperature (300 K): SolidAppearance: fairly hard, silvery white metalDensity: 1.55 g/ccSpecific Gravity: 1.55 (20  °C)Melting Point: 1115 KBoiling Point: 1757 KCritical Point: 2880 KHeat of Fusion: 8.54 kJ/molHeat of Vaporization: 154.7 kJ/molMolar Heat Capacity: 25.929 J/mol ·KSpecific Heat: 0.647 J/g ·K (at 20  °C) Calcium Atomic Data Oxidation States: 2 (most common), 1Electronegativity: 1.00Electron Affinity: 2.368 kJ/molAtomic Radius: 197 pmAtomic Volume: 29.9 cc/molIonic Radius: 99 (2e)Covalent Radius: 174 pmVan der Waals Radius: 231 pmFirst Ionization Energy: 589.830 kJ/molSecond Ionization Energy: 1145.446 kJ/molThird Ionization Energy: 4912.364 kJ/mol Calcium Nuclear Data Number of Naturally Occurring Isotopes: 6Isotopes and % Abundance: 40Ca (96.941), 42Ca (0.647), 43Ca (0.135), 44Ca (2.086), 46Ca (0.004) and 48Ca (0.187) Calcium Crystal Data Lattice Structure: Face-Centered CubicLattice Constant: 5.580 Ã…Debye Temperature: 230.00 K Calcium Uses Calcium is essential for human nutrition. Animals skeletons get their rigidity primarily from calcium phosphate. The eggs of birds and shells of mollusks are comprised of calcium carbonate. Calcium is also necessary for plant growth. Calcium is used as a reducing agent when preparing metals from their halogen and oxygen compounds; as a reagent in purification of inert gases; to fix atmospheric nitrogen; as a scavenger and decarbonizer in metallurgy; and for making alloys. Calcium compounds are used in making lime, bricks, cement, glass, paint, paper, sugar, glazes, as well as for many other uses. Miscellaneous Calcium Facts Calcium is the 5th most abundant element in the Earths crust, making up 3.22% of the earth, air, and oceans.Calcium is not found free in nature, but calcium compounds are common. Some of the most common compounds found on Earth are limestone (calcium carbonate - CaCO3), gypsum (calcium sulfate - CaSO4 ·2H2O), fluorite (calcium fluoride - CaF2) and apatite (calcium fluorophosphate - CaFO3P or calcium chlorophosphate - CaClO3P)The top three countries that produce calcium are China, United States and India.Calcium is the main component of teeth and bones. However, too much calcium can lead to kidney stones or artery calcification.Calcium is the fifth most abundant element in the human body. Approximately one third of the mass of the human body is calcium after all water is removed.Calcium burns with a dark red color in a flame test.Calcium is used in fireworks to deepen the color. Calcium salts are used to produce orange in fireworks.Calcium metal is soft enough to cut with a knife, a lthough somewhat harder than the metal lead. People and other animals can often taste the calcium ion. People report is as contributing a mineral, sour, or salty flavor.Calcium metal reacts exothermically with water or acid. Skin contact with calcium metal can cause irritation, corrosion, and chemical burns. Ingesting or inhaling calcium metal can be fatal due to the burns it can produce. Sources Hluchan, Stephen E.; Pomerantz, Kenneth (2006)  Calcium and Calcium Alloys. Ullmanns Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry.  Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a04_515.pub2Greenwood, Norman N.; Earnshaw, Alan (1997). Chemistry of the Elements (2nd ed.). Butterworth-Heinemann. ISBN 0-08-037941-9.

Management Metrics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Management Metrics - Essay Example Some management systems can also be in place to offer effective and secure network, which is the backbone to any organization (Carter, Ulrich & Goldsmith, 2005). Effective achievement of organizational goals and strategies needs proper network management systems. In a bid to understand efficient and effectiveness in the network management systems, some factors are in consideration in the name of metrics. Metrics directly affects the bottom line of organizational management. There is no single metric which can be solely applicable in assessing the effectiveness of the management group hence the combination of several metrics is applicable. These metrics can undergo common review to gauge the overall effectiveness in the process of organizational goals achievement. Some common metrics in the line of organizational goals tracking includes complexity metrics for operational tasks, business impacts tracking metrics, and scale metrics (Nof, 1994). Network models are prone to change because of implementation of various applications and network technologies. The main network goal is to reap maximum efficiency. In order to achieve the required effectiveness, various metrics must be in place. The metrics in application also undergo timely review for the overall network efficiency (Hayden, 2010). Network assessment and the immediate impact in the running of the organization towards goal achievement is an important factor worth considering. Network availability, reliability and other impacts on organizational services and revenues depend on management metrics for direct tracking. Responsiveness in the process of network utilization also functions as an important metrics in gauging network performance in a given organization. In overall perspective, network management metrics can be easily broken down into three main sections, which comprises of cost, classic and

Memphis City school system & Shelby county school system a Term Paper

Memphis City school system & Shelby county school system a consolidated school system for or aganist - Term Paper Example School consolidation has been visualized as a means to resolve various rural issues. However, the application of this concept has also resulted in many potential complications along with solving issues, as discussed in this paper. Public perception of consolidation: Early educationalists, policy makers and reformers consented that unionization of schools was the fundamental requirement of the industrialized society. Their mutual consensus led them to speak in favor of the formulation of a centralized and increasingly urban educational model (Kay, Hargood, and Russell, 1982). However, not many parents in the present age favor the practice. This is because they want their children to be given due attention by the mentors, and want the educational environment to be conducive for good learning and academic growth of the children. My personal perception of consolidation: I personally am against the consolidated school system as it adversely affects the educational system and the learnersà ¢â‚¬â„¢ tendency to gain knowledge. People today are highly conscious and possessive about the quality of education their children are provided with in schools. Consolidated school systems crowd the classes with students. ... People generally hold a view that if the charter gets surrendered, it would consolidate Memphis City School and Shelby County School into one unit. Shelby County School has been running a successful academic record and has been managing and administering its system rationally. On the other hand, the Memphis City School is currently going through a crisis. Memphians have to pay a lot of tax, and the record is not up to the mark. The following SWOT analysis depicts the potential consequences of this consolidation. SWOT analysis of the consolidated school system: Strengths: Memphians may see a relief from the double taxation, who have to pay the taxes first for the county and secondly for the city. The City would find a relief from the payment for Memphis City School. MCS would hence, be able to save $78 million every year (Memphis, 2011). Weaknesses: MCS has a poorer record as compared to SCS. It might have to compromise upon many decisions that SCS would propose because of its inferio rity. There is likelihood of emotional distress in the Memphis students because of this union. Opportunity: Memphis schoolchildren would have equal opportunity of education as enjoyed by other schoolchildren that live in suburbs. The kids will have facilities as per their individualistic needs irrespective of their place in city or the county. The consolidation would keep the Shelby County School from acquiring the district status of a special school. If SCS acquires that status, it would separate the Memphis students from those in the suburbs and also, reduce tax base for the Memphis City School, which would potentially raise the tax for taxpayers in Memphis. The consolidation would prevent that from happening. Threats: There is an increased likelihood of frequent encounters

Medicare Prescription Drug Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Medicare Prescription Drug - Essay Example There are many reasons why changes to Medicare were deemed necessary One of the main reasons is that there had been an increase in the number of Americans who were uninsured. Numbers show that those without health insurance had increased by 2.4 million between 2002 and 2003 and stood at 43.6 million in 2003. Costs of health care have been consistently increasing due to various reasons such as expensive new technologies, overusing of equipments and devices, etc. There has been a need for reform in medical liability. It must be possible for patients to seek punitive damages. Legal system was being misused by lawyers. There was a gap in information sharing between nurses and doctors it had to be addressed and also doctors had to be assured that the information they share would not be used to sue them or the hospital. Health care industry had progressed in all aspects but failed to make progress in information technology. The methods of information management were still old school and he nce this had to be changed to improve the services. Therefore modernization of information technology was essential (Bell & Friedman, 2005). Projections said that Medicare would be bankrupt because of the baby boom generation. That is, the number of seniors has increased and in turn the Medicare costs. Even though Medicare was doing a decent job, it lacked flexibility. It did not offer many choices to its participants. It was to address these and many more issues that changes were necessary to Medicare. Main Provisions of the New Legislation and Accomplishment of Desired Goals Prescription drug coverage which enabling seniors to take the drugs they needed rather than being dictated by the government (Office of Legislation, 2004). Choice of individual health care plans that would best suit the individual’s needs. Freedom to choose the place, hospital and doctor along with the kind of care and treatment needed (Office of Legislation, 2004). To fully cover disease preventive mea sures such as cancer and diabetes screenings. Protect seniors from high costs that would burn a hole in their savings. The desired goals have been accomplished to a certain extent. There have been improvements made and the information technology system has certainly improved. Parties Involved In Setting the Agenda for This Policy Change and Their Roles, Interests and Influences Following were the main agenda setters: The then President and his administration (President Bush), AARP, The Centers For Disease Control and Prevention, The National Institutes of Health, The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Each of these agenda-setters have had interests and played a role in the policy change. President Bush and his team ensured that issue would not die down and continuously brought issue to the limelight through their campaigns. AARP too pushed for a universal drug coverage plan rather than those that would only be targeted at the poor (Campbel & Morgan, 2005). Controversies Sur rounding the Legislation and Claims of Supports and Detractors The legislation was controversial for two main reasons. One was that it needed seniors with higher incomes to pay more for coverage and there were billions of dollars that was needed to stop elimination of existing coverage for the retirees by the corporations. Another reason was that private insurance companies were now given a vast role in health care. Supporters of the bill claimed that modernizing of the Medicare will lead to a better system and

Egypt And Water Crisis Issues

Egypt And Water Crisis Issues Water is an essential resource that humans demands on In order to live, some countries are affected by the water crisis due to three important resources the scarcity of usable water, drought, and water pollution. Egypt faces water crisis mainly water pollution, which is one of the major problem facing the global circumstance, one of the causes to the water pollution problem is that it is not actually illegal to dump pollutants into water bodies. (Caroline, 2009) In my research paper I will be explaining why was Egypt hit by water crisis describing its causes, effects, and solutions, I will also be using four types of methodology descriptive, statistical descriptive, analytical, and data. Egypt has signed an agreement with other 10 countries to share the Nile river water that provides fresh water for agriculture, industry and human consumption. Egypt not like any other country which is located at the end of the river system allows it exploit massive control over how countries up-stream uses the Niles water resources. Due to the high growth of population and climate change the share of water will be reduced. (Cathcart, 2007) Another problem that Egypt might be facing soon is the share of water between Egypt and the Nile basin states. In the beginning of 2010, several states that are located on the Nile River signed an agreement among them for a redistribution of Nile waters, and by that they threatened Egypts uneven share based on previous treaties. In Egypts poor areas people travel a really long distance to just get clean water and when they get there they maybe shortage of water so they will start fighting over the clean water .(barsoum, 2007) Body Several facts that have hit Egypt with water crisis first of all Egypt maintain legal and political position on Nile water crisis. The main objective of the study is to analyze the crisis of the Nile Basin, and its effect on Egypt. As it, influence the relation between the ten countries falling aside the Nile River. Literature review Eleiba, 2011 explained the new agreement for the redistribution of the Nile water signed by several Nile basins countries. By this new agreement they threatened Egypts uneven share based on previous treaties. Participant states argued the need for a greater share of Nile waters to drive domestic development. Egyptian prime mister of irrigation and water resources also said at the time that there must be consensus among all Nile states to amend any standing arrangement. Upon the new agreement that was signed Egypt and Sudan werent involved and it was a shock for the prime minister because the agreement put an end to the assurance of signatory states towards Egypt. Egypt sent a report to the national security agency and the ministry of foreign affairs to aid us on this false agreement that Egypt didnt sign to but unfortunately no action was taken. But Egypts legal advisor moahamed sameh amr said that they had more than one problem blocking the accomplishment of the framework agreement by foundation countries without the contribution of Egypt and Sudan. Both counties maintain the old status quo of them using the biggest percentage of the water as stipulated in two colonial agreements they signed with the British in 1929 and 1959. Egypt has a right to use about 75 percent of the water while Sudan has 11 percent and the rest of the seven countries share 14 percent. (Eleiba, 2011) After that we will see that Water pollution in Egypt reached complex stage, a report by the Egyptian ministry of environment has indicated that Egypt had reached a drinking water pollution problem which is a complex stage. This resulted from the Nile river which suffered from pollution particularly from canals branching from it, these pollution are caused by swage from cities, towns and, epically from direct and indirect waste produced factories, Egyptian ministry of environment stated that there was lack of cleanliness services over the past years. The problem of water pollution is very complex due to including the lack of enormous investments to get rid of pollution, plus wide number of laws and bodies organization water resources has blocked solution to the problem. (George, 2009) The drought problem now according to Ibrahim Abou Ouf, an Egyptian Member of Parliament, Egypt will face severe water shortages by the year 2025 and portrayed the crisis as a possible drought, the Water Research Center of Egypt announced The report which was issued by the Egypts Water Research center stated that 60% of farms would not be receiving any water due to the limiting of water supplements. Increasing pollution will be one of the main reasons of the shortage of water facing Egypt. The rapid increase in population in Egypt, moreover miscarriage, absence of good management of water distribution and water pollution will be expected as the main reasons for the shortage. During the summer of 2010 Egyptians take to streets to protest water crisis (Ouf, 2007) The methodology included in this paper is descriptive which describes the causes of water crisis in Egypt and the agreements with the Nile basin countries. Second type of methodology is statistical descriptive I will be using indicators to show the economic effects of the water crisis on the Egyptian economy. Third type of methodology is analytical I will analyze the impact of the water crisis and how it influences the potentials of the Egyptian economy and discussing different solutions. The fourth type of methodology is data where the total consumption of water in Egypt has risen to 17%, the share of Egypt they consume 55.5 billion Cubic meters of waters year the main problem is people consider the water when it is being polluted that it is spoiled by anthropogenic which is effected by human activity or does not contain the support of human use, we have other sources that cause to water pollution like storms, volcanoes and earthquakes these phenomena changes the quality and the ecological status of the water. We have two types of water that they are likely to be contaminated but they are naturally, the first type is surface water consists of the rivers, lakes, and oceans covering most of the earths surface. The second type is groundwater which is considered a pristine resource has been shown to be subject to considerable contamination from toxic chemicals. Groundwater is water beneath the earths surface in soils or rocks, or in geological formations that are fully saturated. Some contamination maybe be considered accidental the product of unintended and unexpected waste migration to water supplies, a portion of the contamination was deliberate. Watercourses were simply a convenient place to dump municipal or private swage and industrial wastes. Along the shoreline of many lakes or rivers, pipes dumping human or industrial wastes directly into the water a common occurrence before laws limiting this activity were enacted ad enforced. Water crisis hits Egypt due to two main things water pollution and drought, I will give an example about how water is being polluted in Egypt In one of the articles that I found is talking about the lake temsah in suez . Lake Temsah is at a point where nearly all the waste waters are discharged like public agriculture and industrial this lake is connected to the Suez Canal and of course by that we will see that petroleum oil will be passed that are being produced by the Arab gulf to the rest of the world. The Temsah Lake is a major source of fishing because it serves the area of Ismailia which is a tourism site where the industries flourishes. There have been many complaints and it caused a great affect to the fishing and the tourism industries due to the high level of pollution happening to the lake. For the people living in Brulus on the Nile delta they only have a large puddle of drinking water which is contaminated, fury and desperation took place in Brulus and they went to the s treets protesting about the contained water, one of the protestors said We have to use this water, we have no choice. Dead dogs and donkeys are thrown into this water. Its very dirty yet. We use it for drinking, to wash our clothes and dishes. According to the UN tens of thousands of people die each year in Egypt from water borne diseases or dehydration. Not only people are suffering from water even the crops they are dying from thirst, the farmers are not producing enough crops and it puts the farmers in a critical situation which they are falling in debt due to bad harvest, farmers cant sleep at night because of thirst and they have no option except to ask God for help. One of the parliament members Hadeen Sabbahi said: There is a hidden and ignored thirst problem in Egypt. The protests here brought light to the problem. How can a country that has the Nile River suffer like this? A glass of clean water is a basic right of all citizens. (barsoum, 2007) Now I will shift to the drought problem When the high damn was first bulit in 1964. After 6 years the reservior called lake nasser was full. A predict of 90,000 people were put out of place and more than 5,000 square kilometers of land was flooded. The only everlasting grazing areas of the Ababda and the Besharin were gone under water and the remains of their lands have suffered from a decades long drought. This lead to a decrease in the wealth of the bedouin and the Ababda and the Besharin were one of poorest people in Egypt. In 2007 the Egyptian government and the World Food Program started agricultural projects to present the bedouins an option to life in the desert. The drought problem now according to Ibrahim Abou Ouf, an Egyptian Member of Parliament, Egypt will face severe water shortages by the year 2025 and portrayed the crisis as a possible drought, the Water Research Center of Egypt announced The report which was issued by the Egypts Water Research center stated that 60% of farms would not be receiving any water due to the limiting of water supplements. The factors causing this drought is the Increasing pollution will be one of the main reasons of the shortage of water facing Egypt. moreover miscarriage, absence of good management of water distribution and water pollution will be expected as the main reasons for the shortage. (ouf, 2007). The citezines living in poor area could not take it any more so it lead the to protest in the streets. On the 28th of July 2010 there were thousands of people protested in Cairo upon the government to try to make the government aware of the severe water crisis that is affecting the livelihoods. We will find that the water consumption has increased over time and the reason behind this is the irrigation method these protest are some ways the governments reluctance to relinquish its current share of River Nile water. There were other cities also included in the protest such as minya there were 600 people went and sat in front of the irrigation ministry in Cairo due to the lack of water they are facing. During the previous years there have been protest about the shortage of water but in 2010 it has been more extraordinary. One engineering student from Cairo college riad aldamk was working on a project and he said that Egypts total water consumption had increased by 17% in the last five years, according to studies conducted by the college. Hotter summers were partly to blame. The Central Agency for Public Mobilization and Statistics (CAPMAS) also stated that by 2017 we will face a massive decline of 15.2billion cubic meters from a required 86.2 billion cubic meters to a projected 71.4 billion cubic meters. Egypt consumes 700 cubic meters of water per year and the average consumption of the 15 countries is 1000 cubic meter, the CAMPAS also said that the loss of water comes from agriculture and the blame goes to the irrigation method because they lose about 8-17 billion cubic meter of water per year which is enormous. To help the irrigations system the Egyptian government went on an agreement with the water user association (WUA). During 1984 the water user association (WUA) was established and is one of the measures associated with the IIP project. The irrigation improvement project (IIP a major nation-wide program accepted out by the Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation and the USAID, World Bank and other donors since 1984. Their job is to improve t he efficiency of the water and farms level. This program aims to save freshwater by reducing losses on farm level. The WUA also helps the farmers to be involved on how to improve water delivery system and of course that requires them to play a role to ensure efficiency operation and maintenance. The Egyptian government issued law 213 in 1994 where WUAs were defined as legal private organizations at the mesqa level in the improved irrigation systems, owned and operated by their members for their own benefit in the old lands. The same also introduced the Water Users Unions, (WUUs) which are applicable for the New Lands. The WUA and the IIp are related together and by that they have certain functions. The main functions of WUAs as described within the IIP are: Participation in planning, design, and construction of improved mesqas. Operation, maintenance, and follow-up of the improved mesqas. Improvement of water use activities on the mesqa level. Identification of roles and responsibilities of the mesqas head and setting up rules to resolve conflicts. Establishment of linkages for coordination with other agriculture and irrigation concerned agencies. Establishment of linkages for coordination with other WUAs. Development of financial resources in order to improve operation and maintenance. Participation with higher-level organizations of the branch canal and cooperation with the district engineer. Water pollution in Egypt reached complex stage, a report by the Egyptian ministry of environment has pointed out that Egypt had reached a drinking water pollution problem. This resulted from the Nile river which suffered from pollution particularly from canals branching from it, these pollution are caused by swage from cities, towns and, epically from direct and indirect waste produced factories, Egyptian ministry of environment stated that there was lack of cleanliness services over the past years. The problem of water pollution in is very complex due to including the lack of enormous investments to get rid of pollution, plus wide number of laws and bodies organization water resources has blocked solution to the problem. (Aldamk, 2010). Egypt the Nile basin, though, is in the trusteeship of 11 civilizing and ethnically various African nation states, four of which (Egypt, Sudan, Ethiopia, Uganda), have very serious national interests tied up in the river. The river Nile flows in Egypt through Lake Nasser, an artificial lake created by the building of the Aswan High Dam., Egypts capability to manage the annual flooding of the lower Nile river valley through the building of dams and the construction of irrigation systems. Due to global climate change by the year 2020 around 250million people are to be exposed to water shortage Local food supplies are predictable to be negatively precious by decreasing fisheries resources in large lakes due to rising water temperatures, which may be exacerbated by continued over-fishing. Towards the end of the 21st century, projected sea-level rise will affect low-lying coastal areas with large populations. The cost of adaptation could amount to at least 5-10% of Gross Domestic Product (GDP). (Cathcart, 2007) Another problem that Egypt might be facing soon is the share of water between Egypt and the Nile basin states. An emerging water crisis is emerging between the 10 Nile Basin countries depends on the 6741kilometre stretch Nile River; Egypt, Sudan, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Uganda, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda, Kenya, Tanzania and Burundi. In 1999, The Nile Basin countries created the NBI Nile Basin Initiative. Consequently, many disputes created between Egypt and Sudan occurred. Besides, there were many challenges from the other countries on the validity of the agreement. The other countries argue that the agreement was not fair, and that it was assigned during a colonial period, but now Africa is independent. Now, Egypt and Sudan did not want to join the agreement with the other countries. Besides, five countries (Ethiopia, Rwanda, Uganda, Kenya and Tanzania) signed an agreement in May without the rest of countries. However, the rest of the countries do not depend on the Nile, but for Egypt and Sudan, the Nile River considered their whole life. From here, the disputes emerged. However, the countries signed the agreement and trying it begins it. Besides, they gave the other countries -Egypt, Sudan, Burundi, and Democratic republics Congo-a chance one year in order to join the agreement. Nevertheless, this agreement ne eds a minimum of six countries to sign. Thus, Democratic Republic Congo and Burundi seemed to be silent about what they plan, but Egypt and Sudan disagreeing about this agreement. In addition, the minister of water Kamal Ali Muhamed decided to stop the cooperation with the NBI as a result of the agreement. (E. Sokari, July 2010) The Nile River is about 3.35 million KM2. Agriculture is the main activity for the people in the Nile Basin. Most of the people in the upper and lower Basin were pastoralist. The upper riparian included Ethiopia, Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda, Rwanda, Burundi and Democratic Republic of Congo that they have a small use of the Nile as well as generate a hydro-electric power. But Egypt and Sudan located in the lower that used the river widely for irrigation and generate hydro electric power. The upper riparian supply the Nile Water to the lower riparian(K. Abraham, 1997). Egypt considered one of the riparian that use the Nile River greatly. This is because of its historical, geographical and economic situations. Most of the Egyptian people are farmers so they depend on the Nile River in order to live and about 98% of the population lives in the Nile River. The Nile is considered the source of life for all Egyptian so; Egypt made good relations with Ethiopia because 86% of the Nile water originates in Ethiopia (K. Abraham, 1997). After the 1929 agreement between Egypt and Britain, Egypt started to build a huge dam and barrages without asking the Upper riparian. Arsano stated that the Egyptian government desired to control the all the Nile water, during the 19th and the 20th century, by restoring the Nile water into the dams during the floods and this led to increase the security for permanent irrigation(K. Abraham, 1997). After the 1959 agreement between Egypt and Sudan without including the other Nile Basin countries, Sudan get about 18.5 billion Cubic meters but Egypt get 55.5 billion Cubic meters of waters and the high Dam was build that helped in increasing the cropped areas by 103 million acres and helped in generating more hydro electric powers. After this agreement Egypt neglected the need of others upper riparian. Moreover, the new investment of Sinai and Khraga/Dakhala water creations projects were made without any discussions with the upper riparian. Egypt started to make more projects in Sinai and new artificial lakes which led the upper riparian to take actions to use the water of the Nile (K. Abraham, 1997). The second country that uses the Nile water greatly is Sudan. Sudan started to build many dams to protect water for irrigation. In 1925, the first dam was build on the Blue Nile in Sudan called Senna Dam and Jebel Awlia Dam was the second Dam was built on the White Nile in 1937. After the 1959 agreement, the Rosaries Dam was built on the Blue Nile, which helped in storing about 2.4 billion cubic meters km2. Moreover, in 1962, the Khasim-el Gerba Dam was founded and helped in increase the cultivated areas in Sudan (K. Abraham, 1997). One of the main problems of conflict is associated with the equitable sharing of the resources of the Nile River water; Ethiopia is the supplier of the Nile River water but it used a very small share of it. K. Abraham stated that the other upper countries had the same problem as Ethiopia. On the other hand, Sudan considered itself as the main beneficiary of this water. It found that the use of the Nile river water did not depend on law but upper countries said that Egypt and Sudan supplied nothing of it but using most of it. The upper riparian use a very small amount of the Nile River water although they are the suppliers of the Nile Water. Arsona stated that the Nile Basin upper countries want to use some of their resources of the Nile River water but the lower countries (Egypt and Sudan) are going to use more Nile water above their needs. Arsona stated that the water problem increased because of increasing the population rate sharply and each Nile Basin country want to use its water resource to the maximum. This level that each country needed are higher the level of available water resources. The lower riparian used about 65.5 billion cubic meters of the Nile water in the agriculture projects. This amount I 12.26 billion cubic meter more than the total available water resource in the Nile basin (K. Abraham, 1997). According to Arsona This is a clear indication that when all riparian come up with their respective national water master plans the available water resources and national demands will be at irreconcilable variance. (K. Abraham, 1997). Growth of population is not only the main problem but it is one of the main factors, another other significant factor of this water issue that there is no a legal mechanism on the base of which water sharing could be made and regulated. The current agreements are bilateral as well as excessively support lower riparian. K. Abraham stated that the difficulty of the water issue of the using and sharing an equal amount of the Nile water (K. Abraham, 1997). According to K. Abraham, The difficulty of water problem is using and sharing an equal amount of the water; this amount is highlighted by a lot of agreement such as 1902 Anglo- Ethiopia agreement and the water agreement between Egypt and Sudan without Ethiopia in 1929 and 1959 and Ethiopia did not find an available amount of water to use. The increase in the population rate in the Nile Basin countries led to increase the pressure on the Nile water. (K. Abraham, 1997). Actions taken by Egypt In the beginning of 2010, several states that are on the Nile signed an agreement among them for a redistribution of Nile waters, and by that they threatened Egypts uneven share based on previous treaties. Participant states argued the need for a greater share of Nile waters to drive domestic development. Egyptian prime mister of irrigation and water resources also said at the time that there must be consensus among all Nile states to amend any standing arrangement. Upon the new agreement that was signed Egypt and Sudan werent involved and it was a shock for the prime minister because the agreement put an end to the assurance of signatory states towards Egypt. Egypt sent a report to the national security agency and the ministry of foreign affairs to aid us on this false agreement that Egypt didnt sign to but unfortunately no action was taken. But Egypts legal advisor moahamed sameh amr said that they had more than one problem blocking the accomplishment of the framework agreement by foundation countries without the contribution of Egypt and Sudan. First of all the incomplete agreement between the Nile basin countries since the they didnt not meet legal requirements, most importantly the text of Article 14b residues under discussion, which pertains to Egypts privileges to river water according to previous international agreements. Authorized committees had agreed to follow a consensual not a mainstream decision-making model, as is the rule for adopting resolutions. Most importantly the agreement was signed and this leads to a clear contravention of standing rules since it was opened for signatures before reaching consensus. The fact that some source countries have already signed unilaterally is a breach of procedure. Amr has stated I an important question: How can we reach out to these countries at a time when they are drafting agreements against Egypts interests? This cooperation will not be fruitful because of them. concerning the legal consequence of source countries unilaterally signing the agreement without upriver states, Amr clarified that according to international law the agreement is not obligatory except for on its signatories, and that they alone are responsible for its stipulations. This means that legal action is confined to the signatories and anyone else is considered a third party, even if they had participated in the negotiation process. At the same time other countries cant cross the line of the international rules before notifying any development project they are willing to make therefore Egypt must take notice or be consulted before any country of upper river are willing to take action. The director of the centre for African studies and research has stated that the relation between the source countries and the other country that are upriver in particularly Egypt is fractured. He also added that Ethiopia has played an aggressive role and despite of Cairos policies it will be hard to change this ro le. The Ethiopians regularly maintain Egyptian imperialism. Conclusion: In my point of view water pollution cannot be solved if they have found one it would be that much of a problem or Hassel, the Egyptian government has taken the aid of the water user association (WUA) in order to improve the management of water distribution and the failure of the agriculture and irrigation system by doing only this step we can solve water crisis in Egypt because the irrigation system wastes about 8-17 billion cubic meter of water a year and the Egyptian government consumes 55 billion cubic meter of water per year. In order to make some different in this prospective we have 3 major categories education, laws and economics. By education u make people aware by the problem and how they can try to solve it. Like in Britain when they suffered from catching illness from polluted water and they formed and organization called surfers against sewage to make the government and water companies to work and clean up. By law the government has to put rules against polluters and sanctions against factories that produce pollution and each country should have a certain amount of pollution it should produce. By economics they all think in economics the best way to fight pollution is to do something called polluter pays principles its exactly the same like laws who ever creates pollution should pay for it and to clean up for what he did. Outline Introduction Literature review Water pollution Causes of water pollution and drought in Egypt Effects of water pollution and droughts in Egypt Solutions to water pollution and drought in Egypt Conclusion