The Field Of Human Resource Management Essay - 2209 Words

1. Executive Summary Several studies in the field of Human Resource Management concentrate on the importance of a Human Resources Business Partner to the organisation’s performance. The evolution of HR has led to the need to find, establish and use competitive advantage for a business to exist. Bredin (2008) notes a shift from traditional to strategic Human Resources Management and the implications for the organisation. Ulrich (1997) suggested how Human Resource Management and the role of a Human Resources Business Partner can contribute to an organisation’s competitive advantage. Ulrich suggests that to deal with the challenges, the organisation should move away from the traditional HR approach and apply four new strategic HR roles, namely Strategic partners, Administrative Experts, Employee Champions and Change agents. This model aligns HR strategies with the organisation’s strategies. The HRBP role creates the people strategy for meeting current and future HR needs of the organisation and works to ensure that the organisation is resourced accordingly to benefit the organisation in a positive and efficient manner. Several studies in this field outline the benefits and advantages that this option provides and the reasons as to why it is should be implemented. The objective of this literature review is to provide a reasonable understanding regarding the various roles and structures in Human Resources. It looks at changes, barriers, challenges and the implication ofShow MoreRelatedHuman Resource Management : The Field Of Human Resources1159 Words   |  5 PagesHuman Resource Management My desired career is that of a human resource generalist. The field of a human resource generalist is responsible for the recruitment, new employee orientation, on-boarding and off-boarding, and prepares and maintain employee handbook of the organization’s workforce. To obtain a position as a human resource generalist, employers look for someone with a bachelor’s degree in human resource management depending on the amount of experience, this would get you an entry levelRead MoreThe Field Of Human Resource Management Essay1358 Words   |  6 PagesThe field of Human Resource Management is a major factor in utilizing individuals within the company to achieve organizational objects, while facing a multitude of challenges daily. While conducting a phone interview on September 27, 2016 at 11:30 am with Missi Bowers, the Human Resource Manager and Environmental Health and Safety Coordinator at the Masonite Architectural Algoma Hardwoods plant in Jefferson City, Tennessee, sh e provided first hand experience within the career. Mrs. Bowers can beRead MoreThe Field Of Human Resource Management Essay1543 Words   |  7 PagesExecutive Summary Several studies in the field of Human Resource Management concentrate on the importance of a Human Resources Business Partner to the organisation’s performance. Bredin (2008) notes a shift from traditional to strategic Human Resources Management and the implications for the organisation. Ulrich (1997) suggested how Human Resource Management and the role of a Human Resources Business Partner can contribute to an organisation’s competitive advantage. The objective of this literatureRead MoreThe Field Of Human Resource Management846 Words   |  4 PagesThe field of Human Resource Management is necessary for most businesses to grow and succeed into larger and successful companies. HR can be defined as the part of the company that focuses on the people rather than the business itself. HR does improve the business, but the key focus is on the people. Responsibilities that HR usually holds includes finding new employees, hiring new employees, teaching the new employees the c ulture of the company and their role in the company, as well as taking careRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Management Field895 Words   |  4 PagesThe Human Resource Management is a principal and novel field in the Management. The Human Resource Management is a specious economic and social resource role in the Management field. The foundation of HRM is that effectively organize and impact the employees. In addition to, it is more significant that than manage the staff. That is the reason why the human resource management as a new and positive management model to be accepted by the companies. Meanwhile, the human resource department in everyRead MoreHuman Resource Management At The Management Field849 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction A broad body of literature in the management field is cantered around the idea of people as assets and emphasizes the importance of Human Resource Management (HRM) to improve firm’s performance and underpin its strategy. While there is evidence that HRM practices can improve organizational performance, a key issue is understanding if such improvement qualifies as competitive advantage or merely achieves competitive parity. Several authors agree that people are sustainable sourceRead MoreThe Field Of Strategic Human Resource Management1243 Words   |  5 PagesThe New Job In a traditional model of human resources, employees move through employment in a typical progression from hiring to separation or retirement. As we enter the new era of an advanced high-tech environment, the business world is also entering into an era of fierce competition noticed by takeovers and mergers. This illuminates the type of dynamic and complex business environment that companies have to face. The rapid change in the environment reminds us that, for a business to survive,Read MoreHr Field Of Human Resource Management1668 Words   |  7 Pagesthese changes also effect the employees within the workplace, this has forced the field of human resource management to change rapidly. Methodology: HR Management in the 21st Century: What’s Ahead? Objective: This paper examines the rapid change in Human Resource Management throughout the 21st century. Human Resource Management is defined as a developmental function in an organization that helps employees and management teams maintain rules, regulations, incentives, salaries, etc. Research was conductedRead MoreHuman Resource Management And The Health Care Field1273 Words   |  6 PagesHuman resource management is an energetic advocate to health care and to an organization. I will challenge to display fair how so in this paper by defining key roles that human resource administration shows in the health care field. I inspiration assess three to five tasks of human resource administration in positions of their equal of support and give an view of which one I touch to be the principal purpose in expanding the health care field. To sum up, I will study the part of human resource management

Waking Up Out Of My Sleep - 991 Words

Waking up out of my sleep at 4:30 am to the sound of my mother crying from across the hall that separates our bedrooms put me on my feet quick. I went in to her room not knowing what to expect. Millions of questions went through my mind trying not to think of that one thought that can haunt our family forever. I waited quietly in front of my mother’s bed until she got off the phone. When she was finally able to look at me, her eyes said it all. Right at that exact moment my mind didn’t want to believe it but my heart was already starting to ache. My mind went blank, my mind did not want to make itself believe it was all a dream. Six days before, at 1:59 pm my family and I received a call from Fort Lauderdale Airport about my grandmother being taken to the hospital. They did not want to give us much information over the phone. I told myself â€Å"whatever it was she’s going to be okay, because she’s a very strong woman†. I have a lot of faith; I prayed and decorated a birthday cake for a dear friend of mine that night. I let all my feelings come out into that cake. Later that night, my mom came home from the hospital with all the information we all were anxiously waiting for to know. She walked into the living room dressed in a very casual look, a very unusual attire for her. As she sat down on the edge of the sofa, taking a deep breath keeping her eyes to the ground. I sat up straight in my chair as in formation to be ready for the worst that can happen in the next couple ofShow MoreRelatedWaking Up Early Essay973 Words   |  4 Pagesconcept of sleep and waking up early especially surr ounding the college age population. Are there really benefits to waking up early? How much sleep is recommended for college aged students? Personally, I have always been an advocate for sleep, and have felt less efficient without an adequate amount. However, beginning college, I was anxious about this idea. I determined that for my behavior change project I would monitor my sleep, documenting the time I went to bed and woke up each day. My goal wasRead MoreShould Schools Compensate And Start Later?1347 Words   |  6 Pagesning head: ARGUMENTATIVE ESSAY 2 BEEP! BEEP! BEEP! A door opening and a parent saying â€Å"wake up, time for school,† is the average child s worst part of the day. Most kids hate having to wake up before noon to go to school. But why? Why is waking up early as a child such a problem, when adults wake up just as early to go to their jobs? Is it because children stay up later into the night than they used to? Or just because they’re bodies are on a different time schedule all together? And ifRead MoreThe Powerfully Powerful Benefits Of Waking Up Early Essay809 Words   |  4 PagesPowerfully Powerful Benefits of Waking Up Early By Justin Charnell | Submitted On December 30, 2015 Recommend Article Article Comments Print Article Share this article on Facebook Share this article on Twitter Share this article on Google+ Share this article on Linkedin Share this article on StumbleUpon Share this article on Delicious Share this article on Digg Share this article on Reddit Share this article on Pinterest Expert Author Justin Charnell I wake up at 5 AM during the week. Not becauseRead MoreSleep Is An Essential Part Of Life Essay1521 Words   |  7 PagesThrough my next 10 days of my written analysis, I had notice sometimes I sleep for too long or too short. I came to a conclusion that I did get enough sleep. We all know that sleep is an essential part of life. During the day I always felt that I was not always doing my best. I often felt functional, but not at peak as a normal teenager. I think that I didn’t sleep enough is because of my biological rhythm, I usually sleep at 2 am or 1. My circadian rhythm starts to function around those time.Read MorePersuasive Essay On Waking Up Later1187 Words   |  5 PagesEver gotten up in the morning and not wanted to wake up? Don’t worry, I completely understand what you are feeling. I absolutely despise waking up in the morning. Picture this: middle school kids trudging through school all day, then coming home to after school activities, and to top it all off sleeping late because of stress. Waking up early is a real struggle for most kids, and if you asked any kid Im sure they’d agree to the terms of school starting later. People say that because of the timeRead MoreDescartesArgument For Skepticism1120 Words   |  5 Pagesfor skepticism is flawed. In this essay I will explain Descartes’ argument, explain why Descartes’ argument is flawed, and consider an objection to my own argument. 1. Descartes’ Argument In order for Descartes to doubt the existence of the external world, he has to establish that he could be dreaming. In Descartes’ first meditation, he points out that our senses sometimes deceive us, and that we should not trust something that has already been proven unreliable. He recalls that he has been deceivedRead MoreInformative Sleep1721 Words   |  7 PagesPurpose: To inform the audience about what sleep is and how it helps the body. Central Idea: That sleep is good for you and you should get your eight hours of it! Introduction: I’m sure everyone likes sleep. Everyone needs sleep to keep the least bit active through out there day. Sleep is an important factor for your body to restore energy. Sleeping is a time to rest your body from all the hard work you have done. It is relaxing so deeply that you lose consciousness of your surroundings. PreviewRead MoreDreams And The Subconscious : Dreams Essay1276 Words   |  6 Pagescan be for each person. For instance, many people have recurring nightmares of being chased. According to Huffington Post, being chased is one of the most common dreams. The dream is so vivid and creates such anxiety within you, that you tend to wake up distressed. Surprisingly, being chased in your dream is not the important part, however, looking behind you at what you re running from is. Chase dreams alert you to look deeper at situations you have been avoiding. This is important because dreamsRead MoreSleep : Sleep And Sleep867 Words   |  4 PagesSleep Analysis As we learned in lecture, sleep is an important component in improving a person’s overall health. Because sleep is vital for cognitive function and available time to spend sleeping is limited for college students, like myself, it is advantageous to change sleeping behaviors to maximize the benefits sleep can provide. After tracking my sleeping schedule for a week, I have noticed some patterns and behavior that may be affecting the quality of sleep I am getting. Based on my sleep journalRead MoreDream Interpretation of Sigmund Freud Essay848 Words   |  4 Pages Everyone in the world has had at least one dream in their lifetime. Most people don’t think much about the dreams they have, unless they are recurring. Most people today wake up from a dream or nightmare saying, â€Å"thank heaven that was a dream,† or â€Å"too bad that was just a dream.† Many times these dreams or nightmares have more meaning than we think. After a friend told me about some weird dreams he had been having I decided to research the meaning of dreams. I will focus on Sigmund Freud’s idea

Human Resource Management Top Trucking Company

Question: Discuss about the Human Resource Managementfor Top Trucking Company. Answer: Introduction The study focuses on the change management practices on the aspects of human resource management in a trucking company. The company is initially owned by a family and is running on losses. However, as it has gained a reputation in the market initially hence a new company owns it. In this circumstance, the new owners decided to change the management activities of the company. The report will follow the structures that are new to the company as well as it is complementary to the old business models of the company. The new manager of the company compared to the old manager is adjusting in nature and is supported by the existing drivers of the company. The case study illustrates the fact that the company is developing to another level while the two managers work along with the drivers by using change management practices. New Workplace Practices Initially Top trucking company has well reputation in the market. However, due to lack of investment of the owners in the trucks and in the operational procedures of the company are not meeting the demands of the market as well as the demands of the customers in the market. As the company is making losses, hence it is sold out to a new transport company. The new owner company wants to invest in the company to change the whole operations of the company as well as the training on drivers. Along with the investments, the new owner of the company also appointed a new yard manager who is very responsible towards his duty (Tantalo Priem, 2016). He is responsible for the development of the yard as well as the other operations of the company. The big national transport group is taking the responsibility of rejuvenation of the fleet and provide training to the drivers. However, the old yard manager initially did not accept the working procedures of the new yard manager in the company. The ne w manager has a different practice of working style when compared to the working procedures of the old yard manager in Top Trucking Company. The differences between the working styles are the adaptive capability of the managers in the competitive business world (Lozano, 2015). It can be said that the new workplace practices are complementary to one another. For developing new practices in the workplace, it is mandatory to consider the different old operational activities that the workers are habituated with it. Change in the business model is the only aspect that will increase the profitability of the company as well as in gaining recognition from the market. The new practice includes training to the drivers as well as huge investment in the development of the fleets as well as to the yard of the company (Rosemann vom Brocke, 2015). However, it can be said that the new yard manager is involving the drivers in discussing every problems related to the company. It is a wise decision taken by the new yard manager in order to gain the trust and confidence from the drivers for smooth operation of the company. The drivers being trained in the aspect of technical aspect and customer services are responsible for gaining a proper understanding of the demands of the customers as well as demands of the market. The drivers are also feeling motivated in their field of work from previous as they are given importance from the company itself by providing training in different attributes (Cullen et al., 2014). Risks in Sustaining the Changes While incorporating any changes in the organization, there must be resistances and hindrances that will be coming from the existing employees of the organization. It is a part of the change management, that the change management initiator has to face in implementing changes in various fields of operations in the company. Change management aspects have many theories related to it. If the leader or the initiator of the organization who is responsible to handle all the risks associated with the new plan for the benefit of the organization as well as the employees associated with it. In this context, the change initiator is the new yard manager who is appointed in the company for initiating new changes in the company (Baumgartner, 2014). However, it can be said that initially the new yard manager faces issues with the old manager George while dealing things with him. There is a miscommunication between them. It is the cause of the hindrance caused by George while practicing new changes i n the workplace, it can be said that while initiating training program for the drivers in the organization, the drivers are not conveyed properly by the old yard manager properly. There are risks involved in the changed operational procedures. However, it can be said that the misunderstanding between the new manager and old manager is responsible for the delay in the results of the new practices of business operations in the country (Purce, 2014). The new manager apart from having various risks is able to handle all the disputes and hindrances among the blue-collar workers and other senior management officials of the Top Trucking Company. After implementation of the new procedures in the workplace, it can be seen that the drivers of the organization and other workers are in favour of the different types of the training modules and other approaches taken by the organization. However, the drivers are also accepting the changes along with the old manager in order to develop the different operational activities along with the training programs in the different activities of the company (Kuipers et al., 2014). The drivers are supporting the processes of the training and development in order to improve their skills in understanding the market trends as well as the different requirements of the customers. The risks related to it are overcome only when the workers of an organization are working as a team in the company in accepting th e positive outcomes of the new implemented strategy. It can be said that there are many theoretical frameworks that the manager can apply within the organizational context for sustaining the risks in the new strategy implementation (Langley et al., 2013). Engagement of Blue-Collar union in the Workplace In the case study, it is illustrated that the blue-collar union like that of the Transport Workers Union are rigid towards the engagement of the different activities of the workplace changes. There are some specific characteristics of the blue-collar workers such as they can be categorised as manual labour. They are mainly the unskilled labour who does not have a proper knowledge regarding the competitive advantage of the market as well as the organizational objectives. They are not like skilled labours. Hence, it is tough to engage them in the new business models of the organizations. They are comfortable with the regular procedures of work they are following in the organization (Cummings Worley, 2014). Whether the practices are giving results or not, it does not matter. Hence, the manager has to give extra labour while conveying the need of the change in the organization. They should be communicated frequently and the need of change is essential in increasing the profitability of the company along with the improved market reputation. However, it can be said that, the case study illustrates that the drivers of the fleet are categorized as blue-collar union as they are the people who are rigid to the training in the initial stage. To mitigate this issue, the manager has to put extra effort in the different types of the training needs regarding the necessities of the training (Galliers Leidner, 2014). Conclusion and Recommendation It can be concluded that it is a common factor in every organizations while adopting the changing business environment due to acquisition of a new company. The human resource management practices are also changed a little bit while incorporating the changes of new business model in the company. The drivers of the fleets and the condition of the fleets of the company before the acquisition of the new company are not in the position of making profit from the market. However, it can be said that after the training received from the new yard manager, the drivers and the condition of the company in the market has gained a reputation in the market and the performance of the yard has been increased. It is to be recommended to the company that the yard manager can use change management model in order to avoid the resistances and issues of the workers in the organization towards implementation of new procedures. There are several types of change management models that can be used in this situation. However, in this context, Lewins change management model has to be implemented in a smart way by the new yard manager in the transport company to increase the motivation of the employees along with diminishing the resistances of them in the new strategy implementation (Hayes, 2014). Lewins change management model consists of three stages unfreeze, change and refreeze. In the first stage, the manager has to communicate with the different workers who are associated with the change strategy. The manager must convey the need of change in the organization so that he can gain support from them. The second step of the change management model is change (Booth, 2015). After unfreezing the resist ances, the yard manager must initiate the changes in the operational departments. In the change stage, the people will begin to solve their doubts and queries while search for new ways in doing the work. This is known as a transition phase. The last phase is the refreeze stage. The refreeze stage is the final step of finalizing the new steps taken by the yard manager to develop the business operations along with the profitability of the company. By practicing this, the new manager can lessen the impact of resistances of drivers of the trucks and other manages in the organization (Goetsch Davis, 2014). References Baumgartner, R. J. (2014). Managing corporate sustainability and CSR: A conceptual framework combining values, strategies and instruments contributing to sustainable development.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,21(5), 258-271. Booth, S. A. (2015).Crisis management strategy: Competition and change in modern enterprises. Routledge. Cullen, K. L., Edwards, B. D., Casper, W. C., Gue, K. R. (2014). Employees adaptability and perceptions of change-related uncertainty: Implications for perceived organizational support, job satisfaction, and performance.Journal of Business and Psychology,29(2), 269-280. Cummings, T. G., Worley, C. G. (2014).Organization development and change. Cengage learning. Galliers, R. D., Leidner, D. E. (2014).Strategic information management: challenges and strategies in managing information systems. Routledge. Goetsch, D. L., Davis, S. B. (2014).Quality management for organizational excellence. Upper Saddle River, NJ: pearson. Hayes, J. (2014).The theory and practice of change management. Palgrave Macmillan. Kuipers, B. S., Higgs, M., Kickert, W., Tummers, L., Grandia, J., Van der Voet, J. (2014). The management of change in public organizations: A literature review.Public Administration,92(1), 1-20. Langley, A., Smallman, C., Tsoukas, H., Van de Ven, A. H. (2013). Process studies of change in organization and management: Unveiling temporality, activity, and flow.Academy of Management Journal,56(1), 1-13. Lozano, R. (2015). A holistic perspective on corporate sustainability drivers.Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management,22(1), 32-44. Purce, J. (2014). The impact of corporate strategy on human resource management.New Perspectives on Human Resource Management (Routledge Revivals),67. Rosemann, M., vom Brocke, J. (2015). The six core elements of business process management. InHandbook on business process management 1(pp. 105-122). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Tantalo, C., Priem, R. L. (2016). Value creation through stakeholder synergy.Strategic Management Journal,37(2), 314-329.

Wireless system security issues Essay Example Essay Example

Wireless system security issues Essay Example Paper Wireless system security issues Essay Introduction To put the topic of wireless security and privacy in context, one should look no further than the negative press that wireless networks and communications have received over the past decades in the area of security. Overall, securing wireless networks is distinctly different from securing â€Å"wired† networks. In part, this is due to the fact that wireless networks are open: open because the radio medium is a broadcast medium, which means adversaries can easily witness anything that is transmitted; and open because wireless devices are commodity items—adversaries can easily purchase low-cost wireless devices and, with little effort, use these platforms to launch attacks. Further complicating matters is the fact that there are many types of wireless networks (ranging from cellular to WiFi to WiMax to MANET/sensor networks to cognitive radios), and each of these networks have varying security and privacy requirements. Further complicating matters is the fact that, genera lly, wireless networks lack a trusted infrastructure, must inherently support mobility, and are subject to severe resource constraints (e.g. bandwidth and energy). http://www.apc.org/english/news/index.shtml?x=5038261 These basic properties have led to a broad array of security challenges that, although they might exist in wired networks, are far easier to perform in wireless networks. Some notable security threats that face wireless networks include attacks at the physical layer (e.g. jamming), attacks against network functionality (e.g. routing threats such as wormhole attacks), attacks against identity (e.g. Sybil attacks and identity spoofing), and collaborative attacks involving geographically distributed enemies. http://www.iep.gmu.edu/UnlicensedWireless.php Introduction We will discuss the wireless technology of Wi-Fi, this is the trade name for a popular wireless technology used in home networks, mobile phones, video games and more. Wi-Fi is supported by nearly every modern personal computer operating system and most advanced game consoles Wireless system security issues Essay Body Paragraphs The purpose of Wi-Fi is to hide complexity by enabling wireless access to applications and data, media and streams. The main aims of Wi-Fi are to; Enabled device such as a PC, game console, cell phone, MP3 player or PDA can connect to the Internet when within range of a wireless network connected to the Internet. The coverage of one or more interconnected access points — called a hotspot — can comprise an area as small as a single room with wireless-opaque walls or as large as many square miles covered by overlapping access points. Wi-Fi technology has served to set up mesh networks, both architectures can operate in community networks. In addition to restricted use in homes and offices, Wi-Fi can make access publicly available at Wi-Fi hotspots provided either free of charge or to subscribers to various providers. Organizations and businesses such as airports, hotels and restaurants often provide free hotspots to attract or assist clients. Enthusiasts or authorities wh o wish to provide services or even to promote business in a given area sometimes provide free Wi-Fi access. Metropolitan-wide Wi-Fi (Muni-Fi) already has more than 300 projects in process. http://www.iep.gmu.edu/UnlicensedWireless.php Wi-Fi also allows connectivity in peer-to-peer (wireless ad-hoc network) mode, which enables devices to connect directly with each other. This connectivity mode can prove useful in consumer electronics and gaming applications. When wireless networking technology first entered the market many problems ensued for consumers who could not rely on products from different vendors working together. The Wi-Fi Alliance began as a community to solve this issue — aiming to address the needs of the end-user and to allow the technology to mature. The Alliance created the branding Wi-Fi CERTIFIED to reassure consumers that products will interoperate with other products displaying the same branding. Many consumer devices use Wi-Fi. Amongst others, personal com puters can network to each other and connect to the Internet, mobile computers can connect to the Internet from any Wi-Fi hotspot, and digital cameras can transfer images wirelessly. Routers which incorporate a DSL-modem or a cable-modem and a Wi-Fi access point, often set up in homes and other premises, provide Internet-access and internetworking to all devices connected (wirelessly or by cable) to them. One can also connect Wi-Fi devices in ad-hoc mode for client-to-client connections without a router. As of 2007 Wi-Fi technology had spread widely within business and industrial sites. In business environments, just like other environments, increasing the number of Wi-Fi access-points provides redundancy, support for fast roaming and increased overall network-capacity by using more channels or by defining smaller cells. Wi-Fi enables wireless voice-applications (VoWLAN or WVOIP). Over the years, Wi-Fi implementations have moved toward â€Å"thin† access-points, with more of the network intelligence housed in a centralized network appliance, relegating individual access-points to the role of mere â€Å"dumb† radios. Outdoor applications may utilize true mesh topologies. As of 2007 Wi-Fi installations can provide a secure computer networking gateway, firewall, DHCP server, intrusion detection system, and other functions. Threats posed by Wireless networks The most common wireless encryption standard, Wired Equivalent Privacy or WEP, has been shown to be easily breakable even when correctly configured. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA and WPA2), which began shipping in 2003, aims to solve this problem and is now available on most products. Wi-Fi Access Points typically default to an â€Å"open† (encryption-free) mode. Novice users’ benefit from a zero-configuration device that works out of the box, but this default is without any wireless security enabled, providing open wireless access to their LAN. To turn security on requires the user t o configure the device, usually via a software graphical user interface (GUI). Wi-Fi networks that are open (unencrypted) can be monitored and used to read and copy data (including personal information) transmitted over the network, unless another security method is used to secure the data. http://nocat.net/ In order to tackle the problems associated with securing wireless networks, one must step back and examine the full scope of the problem. Several interesting issues that warrant investigation in these topical areas are identified as follows: Confidentiality: The wireless medium is easy to sniff, and as a result it is necessary to support encryption services and key management. Challenging issues arise related to establishing and maintaining keys for entities that have never had prior relationships. Integrity: Wireless hardware/equipment need to be safe from modification—especially in light of the fact that they are small, portable and easily capable of being pilfered. For ensics: Due to their accessibility, wireless networks will be the platform of choice for conducting attacks against the broader network infrastructure. An important question is how and whether the network should keep track of forensic evidence. Privacy: The perpetual connectivity provided by wireless networks can also mean constant surveillance. As an example, through simple snooping one can monitor mobility and handoffs between networks. The implications of perpetual connectivity on aspects related to user privacy are an important issue that warrants investigation. Location: Location is a new form of information provided by wireless systems that will facilitate new services. Location information needs to be trustworthy, and may be used to support more robust security mechanisms (e.g. location-oriented access control). Intrusions: The pervasiveness of wireless networks should not mean that just anyone can participate without proper authorization. There have been numerous examples of security threats, such as rogue access points, that arise because of the drive for wireless connectivity and which represent threats to organizational (e.g. enterprise) security policies. Availability: The value of a wireless network lies in its promise of ubiquitous connectivity. Unfortunately, wireless networks are also easy to â€Å"break† (e.g. jamming and denial of service). Developing more robust communication mechanisms, at all layers of the stack, will be important to assuring wireless connectivity. Non-repudiation: One potential advantage of wireless communications arises from the fact that RF energy radiates. Although this implies that it is possible for an adversary to eavesdrop on communications, it also implies that wireless entities within the radio coverage pattern may serve as witnesses for the actions of the transmitter. Resources: Wireless devices have unique resource considerations. In particular, energy and bandwidth are important factors to take into con sideration when designing security solutions. One serious issue with wireless network security is not just encryption, but access to the network (signal reception). With wired networking it is necessary to get past either a firewall or the security guard locked doors. With wireless it is only necessary to get reception and spend as long as you want, comfortably out of (easy) reach of the network owner. Most business networks protect sensitive data and systems by attempting to disallow external access. Thus being able to get wireless reception (and thus possibly break the encryption) becomes an attack vector on the network as well. Recreational logging and mapping of other people’s access points has become known as wardriving. It is also common for people to use open (unencrypted) Wi-Fi networks as a free service, termed piggybacking. Indeed, many access points are intentionally installed without security turned on so that they can be used as a free service. These activities do not result in sanctions in most jurisdictions; however legislation and case law differ considerably across the world. A proposal to leave graffiti describing available services was called warchalking. In a Florida court case[citation needed], owner laziness was determined not to be a valid excuse. http://nocat.net/ Piggybacking is often unintentional. Most access points are configured without encryption by default, and operating systems such as Windows XP SP2 and Mac OS X may be configured to automatically connect to any available wireless network. A user who happens to start up a laptop in the vicinity of an access point may find the computer has joined the network without any visible indication. Moreover, a user intending to join one network may instead end up on another one if the latter’s signal is stronger. In combination with automatic discovery of other network resources (see DHCP and Zeroconf) this could possibly lead wireless users to send sensitive data to the wr ong middle man when seeking a destination (see Man-in-the-middle attack). For example, a user could inadvertently use an insecure network to login to a website, thereby making the login credentials available to anyone listening, if the website is using an insecure protocol like HTTP, rather than a secure protocol like . 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